Notes in L30 - Metabolic Regulation of Injury

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Published	11/02/2024	Injury tends to cause an overall {{c1::increase}} in BMR.
Published	11/02/2024	Cortisol activity is relatively {{c1::slow}} when compared with other counter-regulatory hormones.
Published	11/02/2024	Cortisol synthesis tends to fluctuate regularly with {{c1::our circadian clock}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Cortisol is referred to as a {{c1::counter-regulatory}} hormone because it opposes {{c1::insulin}} and stimulates {{c1::catabolic}} processes.
Published	11/02/2024	In skeletal muscle, cortisol {{c1::stimulates}} protein catabolism and {{c1::inhibits}} protein synthesis.
Published	11/02/2024	In the liver, cortisol stimulates {{c1::gluconeogenesis}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Cortisol {{c1::inhibits}} inflammatory responses through {{c1::the inhibition of phospholipase A-2, IL-2, and histamine}}
Published	11/02/2024	Cortisol {{c1::slows}} wound healing through {{c1::the inhibition of fibroblast formation}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Features of long-term hypercorticolism include:{{c1::Truncal obesityInsulin resistance that can manifest as diabetesPoor wound healingPoor immune syst…
Published	11/02/2024	The most common organic cause of hypocorticolism is {{c1::Addison's disease}}
Published	11/02/2024	Symptoms of hypocorticolism include:{{c1::hypoglycemia and poor gluconeogenesishypotensive shock}}
Published	11/02/2024	The counter-regulator hormones include:{{c1::cortisol}}{{c1::glucagon}}{{c1::epinephrine and norepinephrine}}They are favored in states of {{c1::injur…
Published	11/02/2024	BMR is normally determined by:Sex : {{c1::higher in men}}Age : {{c1::higher in infants and children}}Body surface area : {{c1::higher with greater sur…
Published	11/02/2024	Starvation causes a {{c1::decrease}} in BMR
Published	11/02/2024	For each 1°C increase, we observe a {{c1::12}}% {{c1::increase}} in BMR
Published	11/02/2024	Burns can increase BMR by up to {{c1::2 fold}}, severe infections by up to {{c1::50%}}.
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Hyper}}glycemia is a characteristic of the injured state. The sources of this {{c1::hyper}}glycemia are primarily:{{c1::liver gluconeogenesis fr…
Published	11/02/2024	Cells that have an increased glucose demand during injury include:{{c1::fibroblastsimmune cellsthe kidneysmuscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	Cells that utilize more glucose during injury are typically {{c1::anaerobic }} and located {{c1::at the site of injury}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Post-injury/infection weakness is due largely to {{c1::skeletal muscle protein catabolism, even if the skeletal muscle was not directly injured}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The intestines requires {{c1::glutamine}} for fuel, especially during infection.
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Skeletal muscle}} breakdown in injury functions to provide amino acids for:{{c1::gluconeogenesisglutamine as fuel for the intestinessubstrates f…
Published	11/02/2024	Injury affects the balance of protein synthesis. The following changes are observed:serum amyloid A : {{c1::increased}}CRP : {{c1::increased}}albumin …
Published	11/02/2024	Transferrin is a carrier of {{c1::iron}}
Published	11/02/2024	Serum amyloid A's function is to {{c1::recruit immune cells to sites of injury}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Haptoglobin functions to {{c1::combine with harmful substances like hemoglobin that are released on cell lysis}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Fibrinogen promotes and regulates {{c1::hemostasis}}
Published	11/02/2024	Complement is a protein {{c1::cascade}} that begins with {{c1::the binding of an antibody}} and ends with {{c1::lysis of a foreign cell}}.
Published	11/02/2024	C reactive protein is a non-specific marker of {{c1::inflammation}}
Published	11/02/2024	CRP stimulates {{c1::complement}} proteins and {{c1::phagocytic}} cells. It binds {{c1::chromatin}} and {{c1::histones}} which is believed to play a r…
Published	11/02/2024	CRP enhances {{c1::chemotaxis}}, {{c1::phagocytosis}}; it modulates {{c1::platelet activation}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The injury state/hypercorticolism {{c1::increases}} lipolysis
Published	11/02/2024	Ketones are {{c1::typically absent}} in the injured state.
Published	11/02/2024	One drug commonly used to counteract the hypermetabolic state is {{c1::propanolol}}
Published	11/02/2024	Skeletal muscle loss in injury is due primarily to the effects of {{c1::cortisol and epinephrine}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Cortisol leads to a(n) {{c1::increase}} in blood pressure
Published	11/02/2024	The locaiton of skeletal muscle breakdown for amino acids is {{c1::non-specific}}
Published	11/02/2024	The liver makes less {{c1::albumin}} and {{c1::transferrin}} in response to injury/trauma/infection
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