Notes in 05TCellActivation

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Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Memory cells}}Pool of lymphocytes that are induced by microbes and are ready to respond rapidly if the microbe returns
Published	07/30/2024	Memory T cells may respond much more vigorously and rapidly than naive lymphocytes on encountering the antigen that they recognize. {{c1::T:…
Published	07/30/2024	Cytokine/s {{c1::IL-7 and IL-15}} from the stromal cells in tissues keep memory cells alive and cycling slowly
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Central memory cells::Subset of memory T cells}}Populate {{c2::lymphoid organs}} and are responsible for rapid clonal expansion a…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Effector memory cells::Subset of memory T cells}}Localize in {{c2::mucosal and other peripheral tissues}} and mediate rapid effector f…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tissue-resident memory cells::Subset of memory T cells}}Reside in the {{c2::skin and mucosal tissues}} and may be incapable of entering the…
Published	07/30/2024	The migration of Naive and Effector T cells is controlled by three families of proteins that regulate the migration of all leukocytes:1.    …
Published	07/30/2024	Effector T cells do not express CCR7 or L-selectin, and thus they are not drawn into lymph nodes {{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Naive T cells {{c1::do not::do/do not}} express ligands for E or P-selectin and {{c1::do not::do/do not}} express receptors for chemokines p…
Published	07/30/2024	As the response subsides within {{c1::1-2::#}} weeks after the infection is eradicated, the only sign that a T cell–mediated immune response had …
Published	07/30/2024	3 Steps BEFORE the Proliferation and Differentiation of T Lymphocytes{{c1::Antigen Recognition}}{{c1::Co-stimulation}}{{c1::Cytokines}}
Published	07/30/2024	T cell activation generates 2 types of cells:{{c1::effector cells}}{{c1::long-lived memory cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	Naive T Lymphocytes circulate in {{c1::secondary/peripheral lymphoid organs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Naive T Lymphocytes are {{c1::incapable::capable/incapable}} of performing the effector functions required for eliminating the microbes
Published	07/30/2024	T cell antigen recognition induces {{c1::Interleukin-2 (IL-2)::specific cytokine}} and other cytokines that stimulate {{c2::clonal expansion and T cel…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Differentiation}} is the process of converting naïve T cells to effector (e.g. helper, cytotoxic) and memory cells.
Published	07/30/2024	Naïve and effector T cells have {{c1::different::similar/different}} patterns of circulation and migration.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Naive T Cells::Naive/Effector T Cells}}Constantly recirculate through peripheral lymphoid organs transiently, interacting with DCs, searching fo…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Effector T Cells::Naive/Effector T Cells}}Cells may leave the lymphoid organ, migrate preferentially to inflamed tissue.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Naive T Cells::Naive/Effector T Cells}}Stop when they recognize the antigen for which they express specific receptors.
Published	07/30/2024	Molecules involved in T cell-APC antigen recognition and costimulation{{c1::MHC-associated peptide antigen::necessary first signal}}{{c1::CD4 or CD8 c…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::TCR}} and {{c2::CD4/CD8}} together recognize {{c1::peptide-MHC complexes}} on APCs. This recognition provides the initiating signal for T c…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Multiple::Only one/Multiple}} TCRs must be triggered for T cell activation.
Published	07/30/2024	TCR + {{c1::CD3 (3 of them)}} + {{c1::ζ chain}} = TCR Complex
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Adhesion}} molecules on {{c2::T cells}} recognize their ligands on {{c2::APCs}} and stabilize T Cell-APC binding
Published	07/30/2024	Most TCRs bind peptide-MHC complexes with {{c1::low::low/high}} affinity
Published	07/30/2024	Integrin-mediated Adhesion is a {{c1::positive::positive/negative}} feedback loop.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Costimulators}} are second signals for T cell activation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T Cell tolerance}} is a phenomenon in which T cells that recognize an antigen without costimulation may die or become unresponsive to subse…
Published	07/30/2024	2 common costimulators, {{c1::B7-1 (CD80)}} and {{c1::B7-2 (CD86)}} on {{c2::APCs}}are recognized by the {{c1::CD28}} receptor on most {{c2::T ce…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::B7-1 or B7-2}} on {{c2::APCs}} + {{c1::CD28}} on {{c2::Naïve T Cells}} → {{c3::activation}} of naïve T
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::ICOS-L::}} on {{c2::APCs}} + {{c1::ICOS}} on {{c2::follicular helper T cells}} → {{c3::development of follicular helper T cells during germ…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::CD40 ligand (CD40L)}} on {{c2::activated T cells}} + {{c1::CD40}} on {{c2::APCs}} → activates {{c2::APCs}} to express more {{c3::B7 co…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Licensing}} is where activated T cells permit APCs to become more powerful stimulators of immune response by enhancing the expression of {{…
Published	07/30/2024	Antigen recognition and other activating stimuli induce 3 phases:{{c1::Cytokine secretion Proliferation Differentiation::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	A small subset of T cells expresses TCRs composed of {{c1::γ}} and {{c1::δ}} chains, which do not recognize MHC-associated peptide antigens
Published	07/30/2024	Can the TCR αβ heterodimer transmit biochemical signals to the interior of the cell?{{c1::N::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::ζ chain and CD3 proteins::component/s of the TCR complex}} do not differ among different T cells
Published	07/30/2024	molecules that bind to TCRs regardless of peptide-MHC specificity of the TCR are called {{c1::superantigens}} and induce excessive cytokine release
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)}} on {{c1::APCs}} + {{c2::Leukocyte funtion-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1)}} on {{c1::Naïve T cells}} →…
Published	07/30/2024	Administered substances that activate {{c2::APCs}} are called {{c1::adjuvants}} and induce expression of costimulators and cytokines
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::B7-1 or B7-2}} on {{c2::APCs}} + {{c1::CTLA-4}} on {{c2::T cells}} → {{c3::inhibition}} of naive T
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::PD-L1 or PD-L2}} on {{c2::many cell types}} + {{c1::PD-1}} on {{c2::Activated T Cells}} → {{c3::inhibition}} of naive T cell
Published	07/30/2024	The region of contact between the APC and T cell, including the redistributed membrane proteins, is called the {{c1::immune synapse}}
Published	07/30/2024	The cytoplasmic tails of the {{c2::CD4 and CD8 coreceptors::receptor/s}} have a constitutively attached protein tyrosine kinase called {{c1::Lck}}
Published	07/30/2024	CD3 and ζ contain motifs, each with {{c1::two::n}} {{c1::tyrosine::AA}} residues, called {{c2::immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs)…
Published	07/30/2024	What event launches signal transduction in T cell activation?{{c1::Phosphorylation of ITAMs of CD3 and ζ chains by Lck of CD4/CD8 coreceptors}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::phos::unphos/phos}}phorylated ITAMs of the {{c3::ζ chain}} become docking sites for a tyrosine kinase called {{c2::ZAP-70 (zeta-associated p…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)}} is a transcription factor present in an inactive {{c2::phos::dephos/phos}}phorylated form in the {{…
Published	07/30/2024	[calcium-NFAT pathway]{{c1::Itk}} phosphorylates {{c2::phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ)}} which hydrolyzes {{c3::PIP2}}
Published	07/30/2024	[calcium-NFAT pathway]{{c1::PIP2}} hydrolysis forms {{c2::IP3 (and DAG)}} which releases {{c3::Ca2+}} from the {{c4::ER and mitochondria}} into t…
Published	07/30/2024	[calcium-NFAT pathway]Release of Ca2+ from ER leads to an {{c1::in::in/ef}}flux of ECF Ca2+
Published	07/30/2024	[calcium-NFAT pathway]Increase in Ca2+ activates the phosphatase {{c1::calceneurin}} which removes phosphates from {{c2::NFAT}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Ras/Rac–MAP kinase pathways]{{c1::ZAP-70}} phosphorylates a {{c2::GDP/GTP exchanger}} which activates {{c3::Ras-GDP and Rac-GDP into Ras-GTP and Rac-…
Published	07/30/2024	[Ras/Rac–MAP kinase pathways]Ras-GTP and Rac-GTP activate MAP kinases {{c1::extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun amino-terminal (N-te…
Published	07/30/2024	[Ras/Rac–MAP kinase pathways]ERK and JNK induce the expression of {{c1::c-Fos}} and the phosphorylation of {{c1::c-Jun}}, respectively.These combine t…
Published	07/30/2024	[PKCθ–NF-κB pathway]{{c1::Diacylglycerol}} activates {{c2::protein kinase C (PKCθ)}} which activates the transcription factor {{c3::NF-κB}}
Published	07/30/2024	[PI-3 kinase pathway]{{c1::PI-3 kinase}} phosphorylates {{c2::PIP2}} into {{c2::PIP3}} which activates {{c3::Akt/Protein kinase B}} that expresses ant…
Published	07/30/2024	This TCR transduction pathway uses serine-THREONINE kinases{{c1::PI-3 kinase and Protein Kinase C}} pathway
Published	07/30/2024	This TCR transduction pathway can also be activated by CD28 and IL-2{{c1::PI-3 kinase}} pathway
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Lymphocyte activation 2. Glucose uptake{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	In adaptive responses, cytokines are usually secreted by {{c1::CD4+ T Cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	One of the first cytokines that CD4+ T Cells secrete is {{c1::IL-2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Naive T cells express the {{c1::β and γ}} chain/s which constitute the {{c1::low::low/high}}-affinity receptor for IL-2
Published	07/30/2024	Naive T cells express the {{c1::α, β and γ}} chain/s which constitute the {{c1::high::low/high}}-affinity receptor for IL-2
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::High::Low/High}}-affinity IL-2 receptor is constitutively expressed in regulatory T cells
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Low::Low/High}}-affinity IL-2 receptor is constitutively expressed in Activated CD8+ Tcells and natural killer (NK) cells
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] # after clonal espansion 1. CD4+ T cell 2. CD8+ T cell{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Level of costimulation 1. Naive T Cells 2. Memory T Cells{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	T-Cell Homing ReceptorType of T CellEndothelial Cell LigandFunction {{c1::L-selectin (CD62L)}}{{c2::Naive}}{{c1::L-se…
Published	07/30/2024	T-Cell Homing ReceptorType of T CellEndothelial Cell LigandFunction {{c1::LFA-1 (-integrin)}}{{c2::Naive}}{{c1::ICAM-…
Published	07/30/2024	T-Cell Homing ReceptorType of T CellEndothelial Cell LigandFunction {{c1::CCR7}}{{c2::Naive}}{{c1::CCL19 or CCL21}}Ac…
Published	07/30/2024	T-Cell Homing ReceptorType of T CellEndothelial Cell LigandFunction {{c1::CXCR3}}{{c2::Effector or Memory}}{{c1::CXCL…
Published	07/30/2024	T-Cell Homing ReceptorType of T CellEndothelial Cell LigandFunction {{c1::LFA-1 (-integrin) orVLA-4 (-integrin)}}{{c2…
Published	07/30/2024	T-Cell Homing ReceptorType of T CellEndothelial Cell LigandFunction {{c1::E- and P-selectin ligand}}{{c2::Effector or…
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] phospholipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) 1. Blood and Lymph 2. Lymph Nodes{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. phospholipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) 2. S1P receptor{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	If the T cell is activated, the surface expression of the S1P receptor is {{c2::sup::ex/sup}}pressed for several days by {{c1::CD69}} then {{c2::…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::fingolimod}} binds to the S1P receptor and blocks the exit of T cells from lymph nodes.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::phospholipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)}} assists in guiding the movement of activated T cells out of the lymph node
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Innate immune cytokines, such as TNF and IL-1}}, act on the endothelial cells to increase expression of E- and P-selectins, as well as ligands f…
Published	07/30/2024	The homing of effector T cells to sites of infection mainly depends on {{c1::adhesion molecules and chemokines::antigens/chemokines}}
Published	07/30/2024	Antigen recognition of T cells leads to increase in the expression of {{c1::VLA integrins}} that bind to extracellular matrix molecules (hyaluronic ac…
Published	07/30/2024	proliferation and differentiation of naive T cells are confined to {{c1::lymphoid organs}}, where dendritic cells display antigens
Status	Last Update	Fields