Notes in 00 Practical Skills

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Published	01/09/2024	steps of planning experiments{{c1::prediction/hypothesis}}{{c2::think of aims → identify independent, dependent and control variables}}{{c3::select ap…
Published	01/09/2024	difference between prediction and hypothesis{{c1::hypothesis - idea about how something works}}{{c1::prediction - prediction what will happen if hypot…
Published	01/09/2024	independent variable aka {{c1::explanatory variable}}
Published	01/09/2024	dependent variable aka {{c1::response variable}}
Published	01/09/2024	independent variable{{c1::thing that you change in experiment}}
Published	01/09/2024	dependent variable{{c1::thing you measure in experiment}}
Published	01/09/2024	fair test in terms of variables{{c1::controlling all variables except independent and dependent}}
Published	01/09/2024	control variables{{c1::variable kept constant in experiment}}
Published	01/09/2024	independent and dependent variables in graphs{{c1::dependent on y-axis}}{{c1::independent on x-axis}}
Published	01/09/2024	what to think of before choosing apparatus{{c1::units of measurements of independent and dependent variables}}{{c1::range of measurements you plan on …
Published	01/09/2024	what does working ethically mean{{c1::look after welfare of people or animals in experiment}}{{c1::treating environment ethically - ecosystem and habi…
Published	01/09/2024	questions to ask when evaluating experiment design{{c1::does experiment test the intended test?}}{{c1::apart from independent and dependent, is everyt…
Published	01/09/2024	types of data{{c1::discrete}}{{c1::continuous}}{{c1::categorical}}{{c1::ordinal}}
Published	01/09/2024	what to include in table of data{{c1::space for independent and dependent variable [include units in headers]}}{{c1::space to repeat each test atleast…
Published	01/09/2024	should anomalous results be ignored when calculating mean{{c1::yes}}
Published	01/09/2024	can you draw a curved line of best fit?{{c1::yes}}
Published	01/09/2024	casual link{{c1::in experiment, if changing one variable causes other to change}}
Published	01/09/2024	explain correlation and causation{{c1::causation - changing one causes other to change}}{{c1::correlation - as one variable changes other changes(not …
Published	01/09/2024	how to know two variables are directly proportional in a graph{{c1::straight line that passes through origin}}
Published	01/09/2024	describe a mathematical statement showing two variables are directly proportional{{c1::one variable = constant × other variable}}
Published	01/09/2024	plotting y = k/x gives curve, how can get a straight line{{c1::plot y against 1/x}}{{c1::cause, y = k/x ⇒ y = k(1/x) ∴ if 1/x is plotted on …
Published	01/09/2024	types of errors{{c1::random}}{{c1::systematic}}
Published	01/09/2024	random errors{{c1::readings varying in unpredictable way cause reading to spread about true value}}
Published	01/09/2024	systematic errors{{c1::each reading different to true value by same amount}}
Published	01/09/2024	why might systematic error occur{{c1::not cause of measurement}}{{c1::but, because of environment, apparatus, or method}}
Published	01/09/2024	can you spot systematic errors{{c1::no}}
Published	01/09/2024	what to do if you suspect systematic error{{c1::repeat experiment with different technique/apparatus and compare result}}{{c1::recalibrate appratus}}
Published	01/09/2024	how to calibrate apparatus{{c1::measure known value}}{{c1::if there is a difference btw measured and known val, correct inaccuracy of apparatus(by add…
Published	01/09/2024	zero error{{c1::apparatus failing to read zero when it measures nothing → causes systematic errors}}
Published	01/09/2024	how to reduce uncertainty{{c1::repeating and averagingNOTE: repeating → more precise data → avg. reduces random errorwell, uncertainty is just the int…
Published	01/09/2024	how to reduce random error{{c1::taking average of all measurements}}
Published	01/09/2024	how is repeating and averaging beneficial{{c1::more precise the data}}{{c1::reduce random error}}{{c1::check anomalies}}
Published	01/09/2024	what is the smallest uncertainty of a measurement taken to be{{c1::± half smallest interval(resolution)e.g. a ruler measures every 1mm, so uncertainty…
Published	01/09/2024	what equipments can be used to measure small intervals and avoid human errors{{c1::computers and data loggers}}
Published	01/09/2024	why are computers and data loggers used to measure smaller intervals{{c1::reduce random error}}{{c1::human errors}}
Published	01/09/2024	why will there ALWAYS be some small random uncertainty in measurement{{c1::cause measuring equipment has a resolution(even if its really really …
Published	01/09/2024	how to estimate true value given graph/table of information{{c1::find average}}
Published	01/09/2024	how to find uncertainty given graph/table of information{{c1::±range/2}}
Published	01/09/2024	when answering a calculation question, what no. of significant figures should you leave your answer{{c1::lowest number of significant figures provided…
Published	01/09/2024	what sf and dp does 0.99 round to{{c1::2sf}}{{c1::2dp}}
Published	01/09/2024	what sf and dp does 9.90 round to{{c1::3sf}}{{c1::2dp}}
Published	01/09/2024	what sf and dp does 990 round to{{c1::3sf}}{{c1::0dp}}
Published	01/09/2024	what sf and dp does 0.990 round to{{c1::3sf}}{{c1::3dp}}
Published	01/09/2024	parallax error{{c1::eyes not directly above//perpendicular to measurement}}
Published	01/09/2024	uncertainty{{c1::interval within which true value is expected to lie}}
Published	01/09/2024	difference between measurement and reading{{c1::measurement: absolute uncertainty is double single uncertainty. Values found from two judgements}}{{c1…
Published	01/09/2024	what forms does uncertainty come in{{c1::absolute}}{{c1::fractional}}{{c1::percentage}}
Published	01/09/2024	absolute uncertainty{{c1::uncertainty of measurement → fixed}}
Published	01/09/2024	fractional uncertainty{{c1::fraction of absolute uncertainty over measurement taken}}
Published	01/09/2024	percentage uncertainty{{c1::fractional uncertainty × 100}}{{c1::uncertainty given as percentage of measurement}}
Published	01/09/2024	how to reduce fractional uncertainty//percentage uncertainty{{c1::use precise instruments}}{{c1::measure large quantites}}
Published	01/09/2024	{{c1::}}
Published	01/09/2024	how to combine uncertainties when adding or subtracting data{{c1::add absolute uncertainties}}
Published	01/09/2024	how to combine uncertainties when multiplying or dividing data{{c1::add percentage uncertainties}}
Published	01/09/2024	how to combine uncertainties when raising the data to a power{{c1::percentage uncertainties × power you are raising by}}{{c1::smarter way to think i.e…
Published	01/09/2024	what does error bars display/used for{{c1::displays uncertainty of each measurement by showing range of points data is supposed to lie in}}
Published	01/09/2024	given error bars on a graph, how to find the uncertainty of gradient{{c1::draw line of best fit[passing through all points i.e. black line]}}{{c1::dra…
Published	01/09/2024	accuracy{{c1::measurement close to true value}}
Published	01/09/2024	true value{{c1::value obtained in ideal measurement}}
Published	01/09/2024	high precision{{c1::data less spread from mean}}
Published	01/09/2024	does precision give indication to how close data is to true value{{c1::no}}
Published	01/09/2024	what does precision depend on{{c1::amount of random error in readings}}
Published	01/09/2024	repeatable results{{c1::repeat experiments multiple times and get same results}}
Published	01/09/2024	reproducible results{{c1::someone else can recreate your experiment using different equipment or methods and get same results as you}}
Published	01/09/2024	questions to ask when evaluating methods and results{{c1::were all variables controlled}}{{c1::if any anomalous results have crept into data}}{{c1::if…
Published	01/09/2024	how to make your conclusion stronger{{c1::take more readings - repeat experiment}}
Published	01/09/2024	what do conclusions have to be{{c1::specific and supported by data - not general comments}}
Published	01/09/2024	absolute uncertainty of 1.60 × 10-19 C{{c1::0.01 × 10-19 C}}
Published	01/09/2024	absolute uncertainty symbol{{c1::δ}}
Published	01/09/2024	find absolute uncertainty in mean value0.34mm, 0.33mm, 0.36mm, 0.33mm, 0.35mm{{c1::range = 0.03}}{{c1::uncertainty = ± 0.015 → round up to 2 d.p. → ± …
Published	01/09/2024	bullet travels distance of L = 154 ± 0.5m in time t = 0.4 ± 0.05sa.) find speed{{c1::s = d/t ⇒ 154/0.4 ⇒ 385m/s}}b.) find percentage uncertainty of sp…
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