Notes in 01 Atherosclerosis and Hypertension

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	10/17/2023	All steroid hormones are derivatives of {{c1::cholesterol}}
Published	10/17/2023	Hyperaldosteronism presents as {{c2::hypertension::blood pressure}} with {{c1::hypernatremia::Na+}}, {{c3::hypokalemia::K+}}, and {{c4::meta…
Published	10/17/2023	Hypertension is defined as persistent systolic BP > {{c1::130}} mmHg and/or diastolic BP > {{c1::80}} mmHg
Published	10/17/2023	{{c1::Primary (essential)}} hypertension (90-95% of cases) has no known etiology
Published	10/17/2023	Primary hypertension is related to increased {{c1::cardiac output}} and {{c2::TPR}}
Published	10/17/2023	{{c1::Secondary}} hypertension (5-10% of cases) is due to an identifiable etiology
Published	10/17/2023	Secondary hypertension may be caused by {{c1::renal artery stenosis}}, which leads to increased plasma {{c2::renin}} and unilateral atrophy of the aff…
Published	10/17/2023	What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension in elderly males? {{c1::Atherosclerosis}}
Published	10/17/2023	What is a possible cause of secondary hypertension that occurs in young females? {{c1::Fibromuscular dysplasia}}
Published	10/17/2023	Secondary hypertension may be caused by primary {{c1::hyper}}-aldosteronism
Published	10/17/2023	{{c1::Arteriosclerosis}} is defined as the hardening of arteries, with arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity
Published	10/17/2023	{{c1::Atherosclerosis}} is a form of arteriosclerosis that damages large- and medium-sized vessels due to buildup of cholesterol plaques
Published	10/17/2023	Which part of the blood vessel wall is affected by atherosclerosis? {{c1::Intima}}
Published	10/17/2023	Atherosclerosis is caused by a buildup of intimal {{c1::plaques}} that obstruct blood flow
Published	10/17/2023	What are the four modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?{{c1::Hypertension}}, {{c1::hypercholesterolemia (LDL)}}, {{c2::smoking}}, {{c2::di…
Published	10/17/2023	What are the three non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis? {{c1::Age}}, {{c1::gender}}, {{c1::genetics}}
Published	10/17/2023	Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial cell dysfunction which allows {{c1::lipids}} to leak into the intima
Published	10/17/2023	Macrophage consumption of oxidized lipids in the intima results in {{c1::foam}} cell formation and "fatty streaks"
Published	10/17/2023	Smooth muscle proliferation and ECM deposition in the arterial intima leads to the formation of fibrous {{c1::plaques}} and ultimately complex atherom…
Published	10/17/2023	One complication of atherosclerosis is {{c1::peripheral vascular disease}}, which may result from stenosis of the popliteal artery
Published	10/17/2023	One complication of atherosclerosis is {{c1::myocardial infarction}}, which may result from plaque rupture with {{c2::thrombosis}} of the coronary art…
Published	10/17/2023	One complication of atherosclerosis is {{c1::stroke}}, which may result from plaque rupture with thrombosis of the middle cerebral artery
Published	10/17/2023	Hepatocytes synthesize {{c2::cholesterol}} using the rate-limiting enzyme {{c1::HMG CoA reductase}}
Published	10/17/2023	The first intermediate in cholesterol synthesis is {{c1::mevalonate}} (from HMG CoA)
Published	10/17/2023	{{c2::Statins (e.g. simvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin)}} exert their effects by inhibiting the enzyme {{c1::HMG CoA reductase}}, thus decreasing…
Published	10/17/2023	Where in the cell does cholesterol synthesis occur?{{c1::Cytoplasm}}
Published	10/17/2023	HMG CoA reductase is regulated via positive feedback by {{c1::insulin}} and {{c2::thyroxine (T4)}}
Published	10/17/2023	HMG CoA reductase is regulated via negative feedback by {{c1::glucagon}} and {{c2::cholesterol}}
Published	10/17/2023	HMG CoA is converted to {{c1::mevalonate}} via the enzyme {{c2::HMG CoA reductase}} (cholesterol synthesis)
Published	10/17/2023	What substance is the primary regulator of membrane fluidity? {{c1::Cholesterol}}
Published	10/17/2023	Where in the cell does ketogenesis occur?{{c1::Mitochondria}}
Published	10/17/2023	Acetyl-CoA is converted to {{c1::HMG-CoA}} via the enzyme {{c2::HMG-CoA synthase}} (ketogenesis)
Published	10/17/2023	Intermittent muscle pain reproducibly caused by exercise and relieved by a brief period of rest is known as {{c1::(intermittent) claudication}}
Published	10/17/2023	The major risk factor for renal artery stenosis is {{c1::atherosclerosis}}
Published	10/17/2023	ST elevation is suggestive of {{c1::STEMI::diagnosis}}
Published	10/17/2023	Non-STEMI is differentiated from unstable angina by {{c1::cardiac troponin testing::diagnostic test}}
Published	10/17/2023	Patient presents with chest pain and ST depressions on ECG with either:(-) troponins: {{c1::Angina (unstable or stable)}}(+) troponins: {{c1::NSTEMI}}
Published	10/17/2023	Hypertension and diabetes = {{c1::ACE inhibitor/ARB::first line drug class}}
Published	10/17/2023	Stage I hypertension is classified as systolic BP >{{c1::130}} or diastolic BP >{{c1::80}}, while stage II hypertension is classified as systoli…
Published	10/17/2023	Stage 2 hypertension should be treated with {{c1::two}} medications
Published	10/17/2023	{{c1::Stable::Stable/Unstable}} angina = chest pain during exertion and relieved with rest{{c1::Unstable::Stable/Unstable}} angina = chest pain during…
Published	10/17/2023	When sufficient cholesterol is present, it binds to {{c1::SCAP}} inhibiting translocation of {{c2::SREBP}} to the nucleus which binds to {{c3::SRE}} p…
Published	10/17/2023	Phosphorylated form of HMG-CoA Reductase is {{c1::inactive::active/inactive}}
Published	10/17/2023	{{c1::Coronary Artery Disease::Acute Coronary Syndrome/Coronary Artery Disease}} is what leads to {{c1::Acute Coronary Syndrome::Acute Coronary Syndro…
Published	10/17/2023	Acute Coronary Syndrome{{c1::Unstable Angina}}{{c2::Non-ST elevation myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)}}{{c3::ST elevation myocardial Infarction (STEMI)}…
Published	10/17/2023	2694b4dd702c4c72859f63e9377731cb-ao-1
Published	10/17/2023	2694b4dd702c4c72859f63e9377731cb-ao-2
Published	10/17/2023	2694b4dd702c4c72859f63e9377731cb-ao-3
Published	10/17/2023	2694b4dd702c4c72859f63e9377731cb-ao-4
Published	10/17/2023	Initial Medications for Hypertension (No Co-Morbidities){{c1::ACE Inhibitors}}{{c1::ARB}}{{c2::CCB}}{{c2::Thiazide Diuretics}}
Published	10/17/2023	Goal blood pressure after initiation of therapy is < {{c1::130/80}} mmHG
Published	10/17/2023	You cannot give ACE inhibitors with {{c1::ARB}}
Published	10/17/2023	Hypertension and CAD = {{c1::Beta Blocker::first line drug class}}
Published	10/17/2023	Hypertension and CKD = {{c1::ACE inhibitor/ARB::first line drug class}}
Published	10/17/2023	Hypertension and Heart Failure with Reduced EF = {{c1::ACE inhibitor/ARB/Beta Blocker::first line drug class}}
Status	Last Update	Fields