Notes in 07BitesStings&EnvironmentalEmergencies

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Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::hypothalamus}} is the control center of body temperature; recieves information that triggers physiological responses that adjust the body te…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Heat}} is a byproduct of {{c2::metabolism}}, or the conversion of food and drink into energy, and it is gained by the body through {{c2::physica…
Published	07/30/2024	If the body becomes too cold, blood vessels close to the skin will {{c1::constrict::constict/dilate}}, keeping warmer blood near the center of the bod…
Published	07/30/2024	ENUMERATE: 5 Ways the Body Can be Cooled- {{c1::Radiation}}- {{c1::Convection}}- {{c1::Conduction}}- {{c1::Evaporation}}- {{c1::Respiration (Breathing…
Published	07/30/2024	Ways the Body can be Cooled{{c1::RADIATION}} - Transfer of heat from one object to another without physical contact
Published	07/30/2024	Ways the Body can be Cooled{{c1::CONVECTION}} - Air moves over the skin and carries skin’s heat away
Published	07/30/2024	Body loses heat through radiation mostly from the {{c1::head, hands, and feet:: 3 parts of the body}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Speed at which air is moving2. Rate at which body is cooled{{c1::inc in 1 leads to an inc in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ways the Body can be Cooled{{c1::CONDUCTION}} - Body is in direct contact with a substance that is cooler than the body’s temperature
Published	07/30/2024	Ways the Body Can be Cooled{{c1::EVAPORATION}} - occurs when body heat causes one to perspire, the heat that was absorbed into sweat dissipates i…
Published	07/30/2024	Ways the Body can be Cooled{{c1::RESPIRATION}} - Before air is exhaled, it is warmed by the lungs and airways
Published	07/30/2024	Three Main Factors Affecting Body Temperature Regulation1. {{c1::Air temperature}}2. {{c1::Humidity level}}3. {{c1::Wind / wind-chill factor}}
Published	07/30/2024	Extreme heat or cold accompanied by high humidity or high wind speed {{c1::reduces::increases/reduces}} the body’s ability to maintain temperature…
Published	07/30/2024	Individuals with pre-existing health problems such as diabetes or heart disease have {{c1::greater::greater/less}} risk of having temperature-related …
Published	07/30/2024	Medications / Substances that can cause dehydration:- {{c1::diuretics}}- {{c1::alcohol intake}}- {{c1::caffeine}}- {{c1::carbonated beverages}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Dehydration}} causes an increase in core body temperature by preventing adequate blood flow in order to remove excess heat
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Dehydration}} is the state where there is inadequate fluids in the body's tissues and it can be life-threatening.
Published	07/30/2024	Dehydration levels can be monitored by using {{c1::urine color and output.}}
Published	07/30/2024	Disorientation, loss of appetite, dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes, and unresponsiveness are all signs of {{c1::dehydration::heat-related illness}}.
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: Dehydration can manifest with dry skin that does not spring back if pinched due to decreased turgor, creating a 'tenting' effect.{{c1::…
Published	07/30/2024	If dehydration is severe, fluids must be administered {{c1::intravenously::route}}
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: In care for dehydration, the patient must sip at a slow pace to avoid vomiting.{{c1::TRUE}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMP)::health-related illness}} occur during or after physical exertion, particularly in high heat and hu…
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps are usually associated with an increase in body temperature.{{c1::FALSE - they are NOT}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Muscle cramps}} refer to intense and debilitating involuntary muscle spasms that affect legs, arms, abdomen, and any voluntary muscle.
Published	07/30/2024	Muscle spasms, moist skin, but with normal body temperature are signs and symptoms of {{c1::exercise associated muscle cramps::heat-related illnesses}…
Published	07/30/2024	Can patients who have recovered from EAMP may resume their normal activities right after?{{c1::Y::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Exertional heat exhaustion}} refers to the inability to cope with heat, leading to no replacement of the fluid lost through perspiration, manife…
Published	07/30/2024	In exertional heat exhaustion, the patient's core body temperature is typically higher than {{c1::104° F (40° C) }}
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: Simply being in a hot and humid environment while overdressed with heavy clothes can cause EAMP.{{c1::FALSE - it can cause EHE}}
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: Patients with EHE may also manifest with dehydration, dizziness, appetite loss, and EAMP.{{c1::TRUE}}
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: EHE in its early stages can be reversed usually by moving the person to a cooler environment with circulating air and loosening as much…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Spraying the person with water}} and {{c1::fanning}} can help increase evaporative cooling in patients with EHE.
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: In EHE, if the patient's condition does not improve, one must call the ER, administer more fluids, and let the patient sit-up.{{c1::FAL…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Heat stroke}} is the most serious and light-threatening of heat-related illnesses.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Heat stroke}} develops when the body's mechanisms and body systems are overwhelmed by heat and began to fail, leading to exaggerated heat produc…
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: Heat stroke is characterized by a quick rise in body temperature, to a level at which the brain and other vital organs, such as the hea…
Published	07/30/2024	CLASSIC VS EXERTIONAL HEAT STROKE: caused by environmental changes and develops over a period of several days, with persons presenting with minimally …
Published	07/30/2024	CLASSIC VS EXERTIONAL HEAT STROKE: Occurs commonly in the extremes of ages, those with chronic medical illness, and poor socioeconomic status{{c1::CLA…
Published	07/30/2024	Individuals on medications such as {{c1::antihistamine, amphetamines, diuretics, and CV meds::4}} are more prone to the development of classic heat st…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Exertional::Classic/Exertional}} heat stroke occurs more frequently
Published	07/30/2024	CLASSIC VS EXERTIONAL HEAT STROKE: Occurs when excess heat is generated through exercise and exceeds the body's ability to cool off{{c1::EXERTIONAL}}
Published	07/30/2024	Risk factors for exertional heat stroke include {{c1::high air temperature}}, {{c1::high relative humidity}} and {{c1::dehydration}}.
Published	07/30/2024	CLASSIC VS EXERTIONAL HEAT STROKE: primarily affects young, active individuals such as military recruits and competitive athletes{{c1::EXERTIONAL HEAT…
Published	07/30/2024	Signs and symptoms of {{c1::heat stroke}} include changes in level of consciousness, trouble seeing, seizures, extremely high body temperature, flushe…
Published	07/30/2024	The preferred care for heat stroke involves {{c1::rapidly cooling the body by immersing the patient up to the neck in cold water. }}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Frostbite}} refers to a condition in which body tissues freeze, and it is dependent on air temprature, length of exposure and wind.
Published	07/30/2024	Most common parts affected by frostbite are the {{c1::nose}}, {{c1::ears,}} {{c1::fingers,}} and {{c1::toes}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Superificial}} frostbite is when the skin is frozen, but underlying tissues are not, while {{c1::deep}} frostbite is when both skin and underlyi…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::both deep and superficial::superficial/deep}} frostbites are serious and are accompanied by hypothermia.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Frostbite}} refers to a condition where water in and between the body's cells freezes and swells leading to the damaging or destruction of cells…
Published	07/30/2024	Signs and symptoms of {{c1::frostbite}} include numbness, swelling, waxy cold skin, discoloration, and blisters in severe cases.
Published	07/30/2024	In caring for frostbite, the first priority is to {{c1::get the person out of the cold}}
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: In care for frostbite, one should never rub the affected area, nor should you attempt to rewarm the frostbitten area if there is a chan…
Published	07/30/2024	Care for minor frostbite involves the rapid rewarming of the affected part using {{c1::skin-to-skin contact.}}
Published	07/30/2024	For care of serious frostbite, one should rewarm the affected area by {{c1::gently soaking it in water between 38 C and 40.5 C.}}
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: For care in serious frostbite cases, one should tightly bandage the area with soaked warm dressing and break the blisters as soon as po…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hypothermia}} develops when the body can no longer generate sufficient heat to maintain normal termperature, leading to a state of the body bein…
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: Infants are more prone to hypothermia as they are not able to shiver effectively, while older adults may not have enough body mass to r…
Published	07/30/2024	Medical conditions increasing the risk of hypothermia include:- {{c1::generalized infection}}- {{c1::hypoglycemia}}- {{c1::shock}}- {{c1::head injury}…
Published	07/30/2024	In hypothermia, {{c1::shivering}} occurs initially as a physiological response to maintain body temperature, but as cooling continues, it soon ceases.
Published	07/30/2024	With severe hypothermia (82°F or 27.7°C), {{c1::an abnormal heart rhythm (ventricular fibrillation)::cardiovascular issue}} may develop.&nbs…
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: As temperature decreases, heart rate becomes slow and irregular, eventually stopping in severe hypothermia, leading to death if without…
Published	07/30/2024	Signs and symptoms of {{c1::hypothermia}} include shivering, numbness, glassy stare, apathy, weakness, unresponsiveness, and changes in level of consc…
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: In the care for hypothermia, the patient must put on a layered clothing if still necessary to be outdoors, remove any wet clothing, and…
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: In hypothermia, the patient must be warmed as quick as possible by immersion in warm water, and the extremities should be rubbed or mas…
Published	07/30/2024	Signs of Severe Hypothermia:- {{c1::unresponsiveness}}- {{c1::shallow or no breathing}}- {{c1::muscle rigidity}}
Published	07/30/2024	In care for severe cases of hypothermia, if the patient is alert and can swallow, give warm liquids that do not contain {{c1::alcohol}} or {{c1::caffe…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::first (base)}} layer of clothing helps regulate body temperature by {{c2::moving sweat away (wicking) from the skin}}.
Published	07/30/2024	FIRST (BASE) LAYER:Type of Clothing: {{c1::Thermal underwear}}Fabics best at wicking: {{c2::Silk}}, {{c2::merino wool}}, {{c2::certain synthetics}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cotton}} is not recommended for use as first or base layer clothing as it traps moisture rather than wicking it away, and trapped perspiration i…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::middle}} layer of clothing serves for {{c1::insulation}} and for keeping warmth by {{c1::trapping air close to the body.}}
Published	07/30/2024	Middle Layer of ClothingTypes of Clothing: {{c1::vests}}, {{c1::jackets}}, {{c1::tights}}Fabrics best for Insulation: {{c2::wool}}, {{c2::goose down}}…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::outer or shell}} layer of clothing acts as {{c2::protection from wind, rain, or snow}}, hence should be {{c3::waterproof}}, {{c3::breathable…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Anaphylaxis}} is an acute and potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction involving release of mediators such as mast cells, basophil…
Published	07/30/2024	Initial manifestation of anaphylaxis? {{c1::loss of consciousness ("a sense of doom")}}
Published	07/30/2024	Anaphylactic symptoms reach peak severity within {{c1::3-30 minutes::time}}
Published	07/30/2024	Anaphylaxis may have an occasional {{c1::biphasic}} response where there is an quiescent period of {{c2::1-8 hours::time}} before the develo…
Published	07/30/2024	People with known history of anaphylaxis should always carry with them a kit that contains at least {{c1::2::n}} doses of epinephrine
Published	07/30/2024	2nd dose of epinephrine during an anaphylactic attack should only be given when?{{c1::Delayed emergency response}}or{{c1::persistent signs and symptom…
Published	07/30/2024	Chemical name for DEET:{{c1::N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide}} or {{c1::N,N-diethyl-3-methyl-benzamide}}
Published	07/30/2024	Repellants containing {{c1::permethrin}} should ONLY be used on clothing
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Reaching assist}} is a method of rescuing someone in the water by using an object to extend the responder's reach
Published	07/30/2024	In asking the patient to do a hot-water immersion for a jellyfish sting, let the patient take a hot shower for at least {{c1::20 minutes::time}}
Published	07/30/2024	What is the first thing to do during a snake bite?{{c1::Just bring to the hospital immediately. Do not do anything to the wound or around it. }}
Published	07/30/2024	In the US, there are approximately {{c1::250,000::number}} cases of human bites per year.
Published	07/30/2024	EikenellaGroup A StreptococcusFusobacteriumPeptostreptococcusPrevotellaPorphyromonas spp.
Published	07/30/2024	StaphylococcusStreptococcus
Published	07/30/2024	For active immunization in rabies cases, the 5-dose regimen is given on days {{c1::0, 3, 7, 14 and 28}}the 4-dose regimen is given on days {…
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