Notes in Glaucoma

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Published	08/28/2024	Glaucoma is a disease in which {{c1::the optic nerve dies}}, most likely due to {{c2::high intraocular pressure}}
Published	08/28/2024	The two types of glaucoma are {{c1::open angle and closed angle (acute glaucoma)}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Open angle glaucoma}} is the more common glaucoma in the United States
Published	08/28/2024	The risk factors for open angle glaucoma are {{c1::family history, age, race (AA), high eye pressure, large vertical nerve cupping, thin cornea }}
Published	08/28/2024	The mechanism of {{c1::open angle glaucoma}} is d{{c2::egeneration of the trabecular meshwork filter, leading to aqeous backup and chronically elevate…
Published	08/28/2024	The three exam findings of a patient with open angle glaucoma are {{c1::elevated pressure}}, {{c2::increased cup-to-disk ratio}}, and {{c3::peripheral…
Published	08/28/2024	Normal ocular pressure is {{c1::10-22}}mm Hg
Published	08/28/2024	Gold standard for measuring ocular pressure is {{c1::Goldman applanation tonometer }}
Published	08/28/2024	The principle behind Goldman applanation tonometry is {{c1::the force required to flatten a 3mm area of the cornea}}
Published	08/28/2024	Intraocular pressure can fluctuate throughout the day. T/F?{{c1::T: highest in morning }}
Published	08/28/2024	How does corneal thickness affect intraocular pressure measurement?{{c1::Thick means you'll get false high pressure; thin means you'l get false low pr…
Published	08/28/2024	Normal cup:disk ratio is {{c1::<1/3}}
Published	08/28/2024	Abnormal cup:disk ratio is {{c1::>0.5}}
Published	08/28/2024	ISNT rule:{{c1::}}
Published	08/28/2024	Treatment of open angle glaucoma is {{c1::prostaglandin agonists, beta blockers, alpha blockers, CAIs}}
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c2::prostaglandin agonist}} used to treat open angle glaucoma is {{c1::latanoprost (Xalatan)}}
Published	08/28/2024	The mechanism of {{c1::prostaglandin agonists}} in treating open angle glaucoma is {{c2::increasing aqeous humor outflow }}
Published	08/28/2024	The mechanism of {{c1::beta blockers}} in treating open angle glaucoma is {{c2::decrease aqeous humor production }}
Published	08/28/2024	Surgical treatment optionns for open angle glaucoma include{{c1::1. Trabeculectomy: Create a drainage bleb through the superior limbus under the conju…
Published	08/28/2024	In order to avoid conjunctival scarring in trabeculectomy, use {{c1::mitomycin-C}}
Published	08/28/2024	The most common mechanism of acute (angle closure) glaucoma is {{c1::pupillary block: lens pushes up against the iris, blocking aqueous flow thro…
Published	08/28/2024	Symptoms of acute glaucoma often arise at night because of {{c1::pupillary dilation, which thickens the iris muscle and decreases the angle so it's mo…
Published	08/28/2024	Exam findings of a patient with acute glaucoma include {{c1::red and painful eye with N/V, pupil is sluggish and mid-dilated, eye feels rock hard (fee…
Published	08/28/2024	Patients with acute glaucoma often see {{c2::halos around lights}} because {{c1::cornea swells as water is pushed through the endothelium into the str…
Published	08/28/2024	One way to tell if the irido-corneal angle is shallow is {{c1::to shine a penlight across the eyes. If iris is pushed forward it will cast a shadow.&n…
Published	08/28/2024	Normally the irido-corneal angle cannot be seen with a microscope due to {{c1::total internal reflection}}. A way to get around this is to {{c2::use a…
Published	08/28/2024	Treatment of acute glaocuoma is Medications: {{c1::beta blocker, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (diamox), oral glycerin, IV mannitol (latter two ar…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Neovascular glaucoma}} is a type of glaucoma in which {{c2::VEGF production from areas of ischemic retina can float forward through pupil to cau…
Published	08/28/2024	Neovascular glaucoma is seen in {{c1::diabetics and those with retinal vein occlusion }}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c3::Pigment dispersion syndrome}} is {{c1::when you have the pigmented back of the iris rub against zonules, causing pigment flecks to clog trabecul…
Published	08/28/2024	Pigment dispersion syndrome can affect the cornea because {{c1::pigment can stick to inner corneal surface and form a vertical line of pigment = {{c2:…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Pseudoexfoliation syndrome}} is a systemic condition in which {{c2::basement membrane like material is deposited through the body, and it adhere…
Published	08/28/2024	Normal corneal thickness is {{c1::540 microns=micrometers}}
Published	08/28/2024	Once through the trabecular meshwork, aqeous fluid travels through {{c1::canal of Schlemm}} and then exits the eye through {{c2::episcleral veins&nbsp…
Published	08/28/2024	The pressure threshold for treament of glaucoma is >={{c1::28}}mmHg OR {{c2::20-27mmHg with exam findings suggestive (or family history)}}
Published	08/28/2024	Intraocular pressure of 20-27 without exam findings of glaucoma is known as {{c1::glaucoma suspect}}
Published	08/28/2024	The goal of treatment of glaucoma is to keep pressures below {{c1::20}}mmHg
Published	08/28/2024	We know that goldman applanation tonometer and tonopen can be used to measure intraocular pressure, but a non-contact based way of measuring it is {{c…
Published	08/28/2024	Correction of the intraocular pressure reading obtain in tonometry to account for corneal thickness requires measuring corneal thickness with {{c1::ul…
Published	08/28/2024	The typical irido-corneal angle is {{c1::15-45}} degrees
Published	08/28/2024	Grading the iridocorneal angle is grades 0-4, in which grades {{c1::0-2}} are narrow and at high risk of closing , while {{c1::3-4}} are wide open wit…
Published	08/28/2024	There are several signs of glaucoma induced nerve damage. These include:{{c1::1. Increased cup:disk ratio (>0.5)2. Cup is more excavated and unequa…
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Published	08/28/2024	A significant retinal fiber loss (as determined by OCT) of {{c1::5um (micrometer)}} is considered significant, and indicates early stages of glaucoma&…
Published	08/28/2024	If the trabeculectomy surgery is unsusccessful, you can insert a {{c1::Ahmed valve}}, which {{c2::connects the anterior chamber with the subconjunctiv…
Published	08/28/2024	One of the major complications of trabeculectomy is {{c1::too low pressure (<5mm Hg; hypotony), which can cause permanent damage to the macula&nbsp…
Published	08/28/2024	While trabeculectomy is gold standard, two new surgical options are {{c1::trabectome (electric burning of diseased trabecular meshwork)}} or {{c2::can…
Published	08/28/2024	A patient with glaucoma who is {{c2::a steroid responder}} means that {{c1::pt develops high pressures on topical or oral steroids}}
Published	08/28/2024	Patients with acute (closed angle) glaucoma present with peripheral vision loss. T/F?{{c1::F: they will have blurry vision (probably because of pupil)…
Published	08/28/2024	Progression of visual field losses in open angle glaucoma{{c1::1. General suppression of entire visual field2. Localized vision loss in mid-periphery …
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Buphthalmos}} is an enlargement of {{c2::cornea and sclera}} due to {{c3::uncontrolled congenital glaucoma }}
Published	08/28/2024	The grading system for the irido-corneal angle (0-4) is the {{c1::Shaffer}} grading system
Published	08/28/2024	In addition to Ahmed valves, other shunting systems include the {{c1::ExPress Shunt and Baerveldt Tube}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Transillumination defects}} are thin areas of the iris that are caused by iris Chaffing. They are seen in {{c1::pseudoexfoliation syndrome, pigm…
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c2::Van Herick method}} is used to estimate {{c1::anterior chamber depth during slit lamp exam }}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Uhthoff's}} phenomenon is a decrease in vision with {{c2::increase in body temperature}}, which is an indicator of {{c3::optic neuritis }}
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