Notes in 01NEUHIS

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Columns}} - Several nervous tracts that form an anatomically distinct mass
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Neural Cortex}} - Gray matter on the SURFACE of the brain
Published	07/30/2024	Mnemonic for white and gray matter organizationBrain - {{c1::GWG}}Spinal Cord - {{c1::WG}}
Published	07/30/2024	Corticospinal Tract Pathway (General){{c1::Pre-rolandic gyrus (cortex)}} → {{c2::Corona Radiata}} → {{c2::Internal Capsule}} → {{c3::Brain Sterm (Midb…
Published	07/30/2024	The corticospinal tract decussates at the {{c1::medulla}}The spinothalamic tract decussates at the {{c1::spinal cord (a few levels up)}}
Published	07/30/2024	3 Types of neurons according to function:{{c1::SensoryIntegrationMotor}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Brain Cells 1. Neurons 2. Neuroglia{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Astrocytes}} - Maintains/Creates the blood brain-barrier and provides structural support/supportive framework for neurons
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Oligodendrocytes}} - Create the myelin sheath around axons of the neurons in the CNS
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Microglia}} - Phagocytize cellular (unusual) wastes and pathogens
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ependymal Cells}} - Line ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord to produce, monitor, and help circulate CSF (cerebrosp…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Satellite Cells}} - Responsible for metabolic clearing up of debris and degradative products, etc. and regulating O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotr…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Schwann cells::oligodendrocytes/schwann cells}} have a basal lamina
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Central Sulcus of Rolando or the Fissure of Rolando}} - Divides the frontal lobe (anterior) and parietal lobe (posterior)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Parieto-occipital Notch & Pre-occipital Notch}} - Separate everything else from the occipital lobe at the posterior
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sylvian/Lateral Fissure}} - Separate the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Precentral/Pre-Rolandic gyrus}} - Where the primary motor cortex is
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Postcentral/Post-Rolandic gyrus}} - Where the primary sensory cortex is
Published	07/30/2024	The neurons in the most {{c1::periphe::cent/periphe}}ral segments of the gyri are sensitive, little stimulus can cause convulsion of the brain.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Superior}} frontal lobe - Premotor associative functions.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Middle}} frontal lobe - Frontal eye field or conjugate eye movements for horizontal gaze
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Inferior}} frontal lobe - Composed of pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, and pars opercularis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Frontal}} lobe - Responsible for motor function
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Parietal}} lobe - Responsible for sensory modalities (e.g., pain, temperature)
Published	07/30/2024	Supramarginal gyrus & Angular gyrus are found in the {{c1::parietal}} lobe
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Superior temporal gyrus}} - Primary auditory cortex
Published	07/30/2024	Brodmann Area {{c1::3, 1, 2}} - {{c2::Primary Somatosensory Cortex}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brodmann Area {{c1::5, 7}} - {{c2::Somatosensory Association Area}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brodmann Area {{c1::4}} - {{c2::Primary Motor Area}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brodmann Area {{c1::6}} - {{c2::Supplementary Motor Area and Premotor Area}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brodmann Area {{c1::8}} - {{c2::Frontal Eye Field}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brodmann Area {{c1::17}} - {{c2::Primary Visual Area}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brodmann Area {{c1::18 and 19}} - {{c2::Visual Association Area}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brodmann Area {{c1::41, 42}} - {{c2::Primary Auditory Area}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brodmann Area {{c1::22}} - {{c2::Auditory Association Area (Wernicke’s on the left h.)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brodmann Area {{c1::43}} - {{c2::Primary Gustatory Area (Parietal Operculum)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brodmann Area {{c1::13}} - {{c2::Primary Gustatory Area (Anterior Insula)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brodmann Area {{c1::34}} - {{c2::Primary Olfactory Area}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brodmann Area {{c1::28}} - {{c2::Olfactory Association Area}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brodmann Area {{c1::44, 45 (L)}} - {{c2::Broca’s Area (Motor Speech)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Iso/Neo}}cortex - 90% of the cerebral hemisphere (sensory, motor, and association areas)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Meso/Periallo/Proiso}}cortex aka {{c1::Amygdaloid}} complex - Majority of the limbic lobes and has {{c2::3-6}} layers
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Allo}}cortex - Forms the {{c3::Hippocampal formation}} ({{c2::archi}}cortex) and {{c3::Primary olfactory areas}} ({{c2::paleo}}cortex)
Published	07/30/2024	use {{c1::Wigert’s}} stain for axons
Published	07/30/2024	I – Molecular layerII – External granular layerIII – External pyramidal layerIV – Internal granular layerV – Internal pyramidal layerVI – Multiform la…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::I - Molecular::Isocortex}} Layer - Area where all connections intracerebrally happen (within the lobe itself and to the opposite lobe)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::II - External Granular::Isocortex}} Layer - Axons (from stellate cells) connect different regions of the cortex on the SAME side or hemisph…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::III - External Pyramidal::Isocortex}} Layer - Axons connect homologous lobes in the OPPOSITE side or hemisphere
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IV - Internal Granular::Isocortex}} Layer - Information integration. Where all sensory signals from the thalamus end up
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::V - Internal Pyramidal::Isocortex}} Layer - Goes to the different levels of the CNS, from cerebral hemispheres, the brainstem, down to the …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::VI - Multiform::Isocortex}} Layer - Bits and pieces of stellate cells and some pyramids. Axons are sent back to the thalamus
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::II - External Granular::Isocortex}} Layer is full of association fibers
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::III - External Pyramidal::Isocortex}} Layer is full of commisural fibers
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::IV - Internal Granular::Isocortex}} Layer is the major receptive area/input layer
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::V - Internal Pyramidal::Isocortex}} Layer is full of projection fibers
Published	07/30/2024	Layers of the Allocortex: [Outer to Inner]{{c1::Polymorphic LayerPyramidal Cell LayerMolecular Layer}}
Published	07/30/2024	Dendrites can either be {{c1::spinous or aspinous}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pyramidal-shaped cell body axons arise from the {{c1::base::base/apex}} dendrites arise from the {{c1::apex::base/apex}}
Published	07/30/2024	The largest pyramidal cells are called {{c1::betz}} cells
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pyramidal}} cells are the principal output neurons
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Stellate/Granular}} cells are the principal interneurons of the cortex
Published	07/30/2024	Pyramidal cells are {{c1::excita}}toryStellate/Granular cells are {{c1::inhibi}}toryHorizontal Cajal cells are {{c1::inhibi}}toryMartinotti cells are …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fusiform}} Cells are perpedicular to the surface of the cortex. Axon arises from the side of the cell body and passes superficially
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Horizontal Cajal}} Cells are parallel to the surface of the cortex. Axons pass laterally to synapse with dendrites of pyramidal cells. Foun…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Horizontal Cajal}} Cells are prominent in development, disappear after birth. Least common cell type int he cortex
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Martinotti}} Axons extends towards the surface and bifurcate to run horizontally in most superficial layers and forms synapses with the {{c2::py…
Published	07/30/2024	Pseudounipolar neurons can only be seen in the {{c1::dorsal root.}}
Published	07/30/2024	Bipolar neurons can only be seen in the {{c1::special senses.}}
Published	07/30/2024	Loss of {{c1::choli}}nergic neurons in the {{c2::nucleus basalis of Meynert}} leads to {{c3::Alzheimer’s Disease (Dementia)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Loss of {{c1::adre}}nergic neurons in the {{c2::Locus coeruleus}} leads to {{c3::Major Depressive Disorder}}
Published	07/30/2024	Loss of {{c1::dopami}}nergic neurons in the {{c2::Substantia nigra “black part”}} leads to {{c3::Parkinson’s Disease}}
Published	07/30/2024	Loss of {{c1::seroto}}nergic neurons in the {{c2::Raphe nucleus “ridge seam”}} leads to {{c3::Major Depressive Disorder}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Neurofilament}} - 3 protofibrils twist around each other to produce coils of increasing thickness
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Microfilament}} - Composed of two strands of polymerized globular actin (G-actin) monomers arranged in a helix
Published	07/30/2024	If there are abnormalities in the neurofilaments {{c1::in}}side the cell, there may be {{c2::neurofibrillary tangle}} resulting in {{c2::Blackene…
Published	07/30/2024	If there are abnormalities in the neurofilaments {{c1::out}}side the cell, there may be {{c2::amyloid deposits}} resulting in {{c2::Alzheimer’s d…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Neuropraxia::Neuron Injury}} - Compression injury where function returns when relieved
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Axonotmesis::Neuron Injury}} - Crushing injury where regeneration may still occur
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Neurotmesis::Neuron Injury}} - Transection of the nerve and sprouting which causes {{c2::phantom limb phenomenon}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fibrillar elements of the cytoskeleton and various cytosolic proteins}} undergo slow axoplasmic transport
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Large membranous organelles}} undergo fast axoplasmic transport
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Wallerian Degeneration}} - Degeneration of the axon when severed
Status	Last Update	Fields