Notes in 15 Fetal brain

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Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainCase: transverse ultrasound of fetal head shows {{c1::severe dilation}} of lateral ventriclesYellow arrow: {{c2::dangl…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainVentriculomegaly is {{c1::enlargement}} of cerebral ventricles. It {{c3::is NOT::is/is not}} synonymous with hydr…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainThe {{c4::atrium}} is the confluence of the {{c1::lateral ventricle}}, {{c2::temporal horn}}, and {{c3::occipital…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainAt the atrium, the normal choroid plexus has a {{c1::rounded}} border
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainThroughout gestation, the {{c2::lateral ventricles}} should each measure less than {{c1::10}} mm when measured at…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainMeasures of the lateral ventricles at the atrium:Mild ventriculomegaly = {{c1::10-12}} mmModerate ventriculomegaly = {…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainNormally, the choroid plexus {{c1::fills}} the lateral ventricle. The {{c2::dangling choroid}} sign represents the dep…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainVentriculomegaly may be present even in a ventricle measuring <10 mm if there is {{c1::>3}} mm of fluid between …
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainVentriculomegaly is a sign that something else is wrong:Primary CNS structural: aqueductal {{c1::stenosis}},&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainVentriculomegaly is a sign that something else is wrong:Genetic: trisomies {{c1::13}} and {{c1::18}}
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainVentriculomegaly is a sign that something else is wrong:Destructive: due to {{c1::infection}}, {{c2::hemorrhage}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainVentriculomegaly is a sign that something else is wrong - primary CNS structural issues, genetic etiologies, dest…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainCase: 17-week sagittal paramedian ultrasound through head/thorax shows lack of {{c1::calvarium}} above the orbitsYello…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainAnencephaly is a {{c1::lethal}} anomaly with complete lack of development of the {{c2::calvarium}} and destruction of …
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainAnencephaly may cause {{c1::polyhydramnios}} due to impairment in {{c2::swallowing}}
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal Brain{{c1::AFP}} is elevated in anencephaly, due to direct exposure of {{c2::neural tissue}} to the amniotic fluid
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainIn anencephaly, {{c1::angiomatous stroma}} is residual neural-type tissue that may be tethered above the head and…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainThe differential of anencephaly includes {{c2::amniotic band syndrome}}, which is typically {{c1::asymmetric}}
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainA cephalocele is a {{c1::midline}} {{c2::neural tube::embryonic structure}} defect.
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainA {{c1::meningocele}} contains {{c2::only meninges}}.A{{c1::n encephalocele}} contains {{c2::meninges and ne…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainIn addition to cephalocele, the primary differential consideration of a mass posterior to the occipital skull is …
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal Brain{{c1::Cystic hygroma}} is the most common fetal neck mass
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainDandy Walker malformation is a spectrum of diseases characterized by {{c1::hypogenesis}} of the {{c2::cerebellar vermi…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainDandy Walker malformation is associated with agenesis of the {{c1::corpus callosum}}
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainDifferential diagnosis of Dandy Walker malformation includes {{c1::Blake's pouch cyst}} (embryological structure …
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainOf the Dandy Walker continuum, Blake's pouch cyst and mega cisterna magna (in isolation) have a {{c1::better}} prognos…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainChiari II is the combination of a {{c1::small posterior fossa}} and a {{c2::neural tube defect}} (most commonly a…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainA {{c3::myelomeningocele}} contains both {{c1::neural elements}} and {{c2::meninges}}
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainThe {{c2::banana}} sign describes the characteristic flattened {{c3::cerebellar hemispheres}} in the posterior fossa. …
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainThe {{c1::lemon}} sign describes the {{c3::flattening}} of the {{c2::frontal bones}}, and the resulting shape of the c…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainA {{c1::myelomeningocele}} may be difficult to visualize by ultrasound but is presumed to be present if the brain is {…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainCase: fetal ultrasound of the brain Yellow arrows: {{c1::lemon}} sign, {{c2::flattening}} of {{c6::frontal b…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainCase: fetal ultrasound with abnormal brain imagingYellow arrow: lumbar {{c1::open neural tube defect}}Diagnosis: …
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainHoloprosencephaly is failure of the midline {{c1::cleavage}} of the {{c2::primitive prosencephalon}} in early embryolo…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainThe most severe form of holoprosencephaly is the {{c1::alobar}} type, which leads to fused {{c2::thalami}} and a singl…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainIn alobar holoprosencephaly, brain tissue surrounds the {{c1::monoventricle}}, forming a characteristic {{c2::boomeran…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainHoloprosencephaly is associated with trisomy {{c1::13}}, facial {{c2::hypoplasias}}, and midline facial anomalies incl…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainCase: Oblique axial/coronoal ultrasound through posterior fetal brainYellow arrows: {{c1::fused thalami}}Diagnosi…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainNormal corpus callosum forms by {{c1::20}} weeks gestational age from the {{c2::body}} to the {{c2::splenium}}, the {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainAbsence of the corpus callosum can be difficult to diagnose {{c1::prenatally::when?}}, thus it is often necessary to r…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainSecondary abnormal morphology to assist in diagnosis of agenesis of corpus callosum:- Absence of the {{c1::cavum septu…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainA minority of fetuses with agenesis of corpus callosum have trisomy {{c1::8}}, {{c1::13}}, or {{c1::18}}
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainCase: transverse ultrasound through fetal headCallipers: dilated, {{c1::teardrop}}-shaped {{c2::occipital}} hornDiagno…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainThe cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) should {{c2::always}} be identified in a {{c1::normal}} fetus
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainIf the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) is not seen, the primary consideration is {{c1::agenesis of the corpus callo…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainUncommonly, the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) may be absent in the presence of a normal {{c1::corpus callosum}}. …
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainHydranencephaly is complete {{c1::cortical destruction}} due to {{c2::infarct}} or {{c2::infection}}
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainIn hydranencephaly, the brain {{c1::parenchyma}} is obliterared and replaced with {{c2::fluid}}, often following a pre…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainThe most common cause of {{c1::hydranencephaly}} is in utero complete {{c2::occlusion}} of {{c3::both internal ca…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainIn contrast to severe {{c1::hydrocephalus}}, a {{c2::cortical mantle}} is {{c3::absent}} in {{c4::hydranencephaly}}
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainIn contrast to {{c1::holoprosencephaly}}, a {{c2::falx}} is typically visualized in {{c3::hydranencephaly}} because it…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainMost choroid plexus cysts are present in {{c1::normal}} fetuses and {{c2::resolve}} on follow-up scans
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainThough most choroid plexus cysts are present in normal fetuses, they are a hallmark of trisomy {{c1::18}}
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainWithout other sonographic abnormalities and a normal maternal {{c2::serum screen}}, the presence of choroid plexus cys…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainA choroid plexus cyst appears on ultrasound as a discrete and round {{c1::hypo}}echoic to {{c1::an}}echoic lesion with…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainCase: transverse ultrasound of fetal headYellow arrow: {{c1::hypo}}echoic {{c2::cyst}}, within the echogenic {{c3::cho…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainA potential mimicker of a choroid plexus cyst is the {{c1::spongy}} choroid, which describes a {{c2::hetero}}geneous {…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainVein of Galen {{c4::malformation}} is {{c1::dilation}} of the vein of Galen (in the {{c2::pineal}} region) c…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainVein of Galen {{c4::aneurysm}} is a {{c1::shunt}} lesion which may cause {{c2::high-output cardiac failure}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainCase: Color Doppler ultrasound of fetal headMajor Finding: enlarged midline {{c2::vascular}} structureDiagnosis: {{c1:…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainA cephalocele is characterized by protrustion of {{c1::intracranial structures}} outside of the ca…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainSecondary abnormal morphology to assist in diagnosis of agenesis of corpus callosum:- Abnormal teardrop…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainSecondary abnormal morphology to assist in diagnosis of agenesis of corpus callosum:- Widely separated&…
Published	05/01/2023	Obstetrical Imaging: Fetal BrainSecondary abnormal morphology to assist in diagnosis of agenesis of corpus callosum:- {{c1::Midline interhem…
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