Notes in 05CellularAdaptation

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Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hypertrophy::Type of cellular adaptation}} occurs when cells have a(n) {{c2::limited::limited/unlimited}} capacity to divide.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Physiologic}} hypertrophy is part of the body's normal adaptation.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} In pregnancy, both hypertrophy and hyperplasia occur.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} In response to exercise, hypertrophy and hyperplasia can occur in skeletal muscles
Published	07/30/2024	What type of cellular adaptation is shown below: {{c1::pathologic hypertrophy}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hyperplasia}} is an increase in the number of cells in an organ that stems from increased proliferation, either of differentiated or, some insta…
Published	07/30/2024	Hyperplasia is stimulated by growth factors produced by a variety of cell types{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hormonal}} hyperplasia is exemplified by the proliferation of the glandular epithelium of the female breast at puberty and during pregnancy…
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::compensatory}} hyperplasia,  residual tissue grows after removal or loss of part of an organ.
Published	07/30/2024	Pathologic hyperplasia is mostly caused by {{c1::excessive hormonal or growth factor stimuli}}.
Published	07/30/2024	EtiologyPathogenesisMolecular, Functional, and Morphologic Abnormalities in Cells and TissuesClinical Manifestations
Published	07/30/2024	HomeostasisPhysiologic StressAdaptationHarmful and Excessive Cell InjuryCellular Injury
Published	07/30/2024	As cells encounter {{c1::stresses}}, they undergo {{c2::adaptation}}, wherein a new steady state is achieved and preserving viability and function.&nb…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}}. Susceptible patients, for example, in those who cannot excrete the drug well (ie. renal failure) lead to cell inju…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Genetic abnormalities}} cause cell injury as a consequence of:1. {{c2::deficiency of functional proteins}} 2. {{c2:: accumulation of damage…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F. It is reversible::T/F}}. Cellular Adaptation refers to the irreversible changes in the number, size, phenotype, metabolic activity, or f…
Published	07/30/2024	What type of cellular adaptation is shown in the right image below?{{c1::physiologic hypertrophy}}
Published	07/30/2024	The photo below shows what type of cellular adaptation?{{c1::physiologic hyperplasia}}
Published	07/30/2024	The photo below shows what type of cellular adaptation?{{c1::physiologic hyperplasia}}
Published	07/30/2024	The photo on the right shows the endometrium exhibiting what type of cellular adaptation?{{c1::pathologic hyperplasia}}
Published	07/30/2024	The photo on the right shows the prostate exhibiting what type of cellular adaptation?{{c1::pathologic hyperplasia}}
Published	07/30/2024	Skin warts as a response to the HPV virus is a example of {{c1::pathologic hyperplasia}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The photo on the right exhibits what type of cellular adaptation?{{c1::pathologic hyperplasia (Papilloma)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}}. Once the signals that initiate the hyperplastic process subside, the hyperplasia disappears.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Atrophy}} is the reduction in the size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in cell size and number.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} Atrophy is uncommon during normal development.
Published	07/30/2024	Shortly after parturition, the decrease in the size of the uterus is an example of {{c1::atrophy}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Autophagy}} occurs when starved cell eats its own organelles in an attempt to survive.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Disuse muscle atrophy}} is a type of physiologic atrophy caused by decreased workload, usually suffered by patients with fractures
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Denervation atrophy}} is a type of physiologic atrophy caused by loss of motor neurons and subsequent atrophy of associated skeletal mu…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Senile}} atrophy is caused by aging and is seen in elderly patients.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Metaplasia}} occurs when one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.
Published	07/30/2024	In habitual cigarette smokers, the respiratory epithelium goes from {{c1::pseudostratified columnar cells with cilia}} to {{c2::squamous epithelium}}.…
Published	07/30/2024	What type of cellular adaptation is shown below?{{c1::squamous metaplasia}}
Published	07/30/2024	What type of cellular adaptation is shown below?{{c1::cervical squamous metaplasia}}
Published	07/30/2024	What type of cellular adaptation is shown below?{{c1::Metaplasia (Chronic Gerd leading to Barret Esophagus}}
Published	07/30/2024	In chronic gastric reflux, the {{c1::stratified squamous epithelium}} of the lower esophagus undergoes metaplastic transformation to {{c2::gastric or …
Published	07/30/2024	Metaplasia happens near the {{c1::transformation zones}} of two types of epithelium.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Persistent metaplasia may lead to malignant transformation or cellular injury.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hypertrophy}} is characterized by bigger cells containing increased amounts of {{c2::structural proteins and organelles}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} Cell injury is always compensated by adaptation.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hyperplasia}} occurs in cells {{c2::capable::capable/incapable}} of replication such as:- {{c2::labile cells}}- {{c2::stable cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Atrophy}} results from a combination of {{c2::decreased protein synthesis}} and {{c2::increased protein degradation}}.
Published	07/30/2024	1. Ubiquitin ligases activate2. Ubiquitin ligases attach to cellular proteins to tag them for targeting3. Degradation in proteasomes
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Etiology}} refers to the different causes of disease; it also causes {{c2::pathogenesis}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Homeostasis}} is the constant state of normally tightly regulated intracellular milieu of cells.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Adaptation}} may lead to harmful and excessive cell injury (which leads to {{c2::cellular injury}}) when adaptive capability…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hypoxia}} refers to {{c2::oxygen deficiency}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ischemia}} refers to {{c2::reduced blood supply}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::autoimmune reactions}}, the cells of the body recognize its own cells as foreign and attack them.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cellular senescence}} results in a diminished ability of cells to respond to stress and eventually, this would lead to the death of cells a…
Published	07/30/2024	Sickle cell anemia is an example of a {{c1::missense}} mutation.
Published	07/30/2024	Causes of Cell Injury- {{c1::hypoxia and ischemia}}- {{c1::toxins}}- {{c1::infectious agents}}- {{c1::immunologic reactions}}- {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Types of Nutritional Imbalances- {{c1::protein-calorie deficiency}}- {{c1::specific vitamin deficiencies}}- {{c1::obesity}}
Published	07/30/2024	Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoans are examples of {{c1::Infectious Agents::cause of cellular injury}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Trauma, extremes of temperature, radiation, electric shock, change in pressure are examples of {{c1::physical agents::cause of cell injury}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Marasmus}} refers to {{c2::inadequate energy intake in all forms}} while {{c1::Kwashiorkor}} refers to {{c2::protein-deficiency o…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Physiologic}} adaptations refer to the responses of cells to normal stimulation by hormones or endogenous chemical mediators or to increased dem…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pathologic}} adaptations refer to the responses to stress that allows cells to modulate their structure and function and thus escape injury, but…
Published	07/30/2024	Types of cells based on their ability to divide or intrinsic proliferative capacity: - {{c1::labile}}- {{c1::stable}}- {{c1::perma…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Labile}} cells can readily proliferate and divide after injury as long as {{c3::the pool of stem cells is preserved}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Stable}} cells are normally in the {{c2::G0}} stage of the cell cycle; not proliferating but are capable of dividing in response …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Permanent}} cells are terminally differentiated non-proliferative cells that cannot divide and regenerate.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hypertrophy}} is an increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ.
Published	07/30/2024	Hypertrophy can be caused by either: - {{c1::increased functional demand}}- {{c1::growth factor or hormonal situation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hypertrophy is usually seen in {{c1::stable}} cells and {{c1::permanent}} cells.
Published	07/30/2024	If not relieved, hypertrophy can lead to functionally significant cell injury because there are finite limits on:- {{c1::abilities of the vascula…
Published	07/30/2024	Benign prostatic hyperplasia occurs in reponse to {{c1::androgen stimulation}} especially in the elderly and an increase in the number …
Published	07/30/2024	Metaplasia results from: - {{c1::reprogramming of local tissue stem cells}}- {{c1::colonization by differentiated cell populations from…
Published	07/30/2024	With hypertrophy triggers, stimuli turn on {{c1::transduction pathways}} of a number of genes that lead to synthesis of different proteins
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pathogenesis}} refers to the mechanisms of disease and is the effect of etiology; included here are structural and biochemical ch…
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