Notes in 01_cells

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Published	12/28/2023	An increase in stress on an organ leads to?
Published	12/28/2023	By what three general processes does cellular hypertrophy occur?
Published	12/28/2023	By what general mechanism does hyperplasia occur?
Published	12/28/2023	Is the pregnant uterus an example of hypertrophy or hyperplasia?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a permanent tissue? Can a permanent tissue grow? What are the (3) permanent tissues?
Published	12/28/2023	How does the heart respond to persistent hypertension? What are the two basic types of cardiac hypertrophy and what causes them?
Published	12/28/2023	What concern exists with endometrial hyperplasia? What hyperplastic process doesn't carry this same concern?
Published	12/28/2023	What are three examples of "decreases in stress" that lead to atrophy?
Published	12/28/2023	What cellular changes does atrophy represent?
Published	12/28/2023	How is cell number decreased in an atrophic process?
Published	12/28/2023	In what two ways is cell size reduced in atrophy?
Published	12/28/2023	What is ubiquitin-proteosome degradation?
Published	12/28/2023	How does autophagy occur in atrophy?
Published	12/28/2023	What does a change in stress on an organ lead to?
Published	12/28/2023	What is metaplasia?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the metaplastic process observed in Barrett esophagus:
Published	12/28/2023	How does metaplasia occur?
Published	12/28/2023	Is metaplasia reversible?
Published	12/28/2023	How do you treat Barrett esophagus?
Published	12/28/2023	Are we concerned about metaplastic processes?
Published	12/28/2023	Does all metaplasia lead to cancer? Can you name a metaplastic process that has 0% chance of causing cancer?
Published	12/28/2023	What processes is vitamin A essential for?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the pathological effects of vitamin A deficiency:
Published	12/28/2023	What is myositis ossificans?
Published	12/28/2023	What is dysplasia?
Published	12/28/2023	What pathologic proliferation is a precursor to cervical cancer? How is it categorized?
Published	12/28/2023	What processes can precede a dysplastic process?
Published	12/28/2023	Is dysplasia reversible?
Published	12/28/2023	What is aplasia? Example?
Published	12/28/2023	What is hypoplasia? Example?
Published	12/28/2023	When does cellular injury occur?
Published	12/28/2023	Which is more susceptible to ischemic injury: neurons or skeletal myocytes?
Published	12/28/2023	How does the rapidity of a stressor affect the response of the cells (e.g. ischemia)?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 5 common causes of cellular injury?
Published	12/28/2023	How does hypoxia cause cellular injury?
Published	12/28/2023	What is ischemia?
Published	12/28/2023	What 3 pathologies/pathologic states can cause ischemia?
Published	12/28/2023	What is hypoxemia (be numerically specific)?
Published	12/28/2023	List 4 causes of hypoxemia:
Published	12/28/2023	3 general causes of hypoxia (in a tissue):
Published	12/28/2023	When does decreased O2 carrying capacity arise? Examples?
Published	12/28/2023	How does CO poisoning reduce O2 carrying capacity?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the PaO2 and SaO2 in anemia? CO poisoning?
Published	12/28/2023	Common exposures to CO?
Published	12/28/2023	What's the classic physical finding in CO poisoning? Other findings?
Published	12/28/2023	What is methemoglobinemia?
Published	12/28/2023	PaO2 and SaO2 in methemoglobinemia?
Published	12/28/2023	Under what conditions does methemoglobinemia occur?
Published	12/28/2023	What's the classic finding in methemoglobinemia?
Published	12/28/2023	Tx for methemoglobinemia?
Published	12/28/2023	What cellular functions does low ATP affect? Consequences?
Published	12/28/2023	Is cellular injury reversible? What's the hallmark of reversible injury?
Published	12/28/2023	What histologic findings indicate reversible injury?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the hallmark of irreversible cellular injury?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the consequences of specific membranes in the cell being damaged?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the morphologic hallmark of cell death? How does it occur?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 2 types of cell death?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the main differences between necrosis and apoptosis
Published	12/28/2023	Describe coagulative necrosis
Published	12/28/2023	When and where does coagulative necrosis occur?
Published	12/28/2023	How do you recognize an organ that has undergone coagulative (vs. other) necrosis?
Published	12/28/2023	When does red infarction arise? Examples?
Published	12/28/2023	What is liquefactive necrosis?
Published	12/28/2023	When and where does liquefactive necrosis occur (3)?
Published	12/28/2023	When does acute inflammation arise?
Published	12/28/2023	What type(s) of necrosis are associated with the pancreas?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the types of necrosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is gangrenous necrosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Where does gangrenous necrosis most often occur (2 places)?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe caseous necrotic tissue
Published	12/28/2023	When does caseous necrosis occur? What is it?
Published	12/28/2023	What is fat necrosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Where and how does fat necrosis occur?
Published	12/28/2023	What is dystrophic calcification?
Published	12/28/2023	What does fat necrosis have to do with dystrophic calcification?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the serum Ca and P levels in dystrophic calcification? metastatic calcification?
Published	12/28/2023	What's the differential for Ca2+ deposits in the breast?
Published	12/28/2023	Why might a patient with fat necrosis think they have breast cancer?
Published	12/28/2023	What is fibrinoid necrosis?
Published	12/28/2023	How do you identify fibrinoid necrosis?
Published	12/28/2023	For what two general pathologies can fibrinoid necrosis occur?
Published	12/28/2023	What is malignant hypertension?
Published	12/28/2023	What kind of necrosis would pre-eclampsia lead to?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a free radical?
Published	12/28/2023	What is apoptosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Three examples of physiologically appropriate apoptosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the morphologic changes in the apoptotic process
Published	12/28/2023	What are the main enzymatic mediators of apoptosis? How do they work?
Published	12/28/2023	In what 3 ways can caspases be activated?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Bcl2?
Published	12/28/2023	What kinds of events lead to the inactivation of Bcl2? What's the consequence?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the extrinsic receptor-ligand pathway? How does CD95 play a role?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the cytotoxic CD8 T cell-mediated pathway?
Published	12/28/2023	When does apoptosis occur in aberrant T cell maturation?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 2 ways a cytotoxic T cell kills cells expressing foreign Ag?
Published	12/28/2023	What process is involved in physiologic free radical generation?
Published	12/28/2023	What enzyme transfers electrons to O2, the final electron acceptor?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the free radicals produced in oxidative phosphorylation? How many accepted electrons does each radical state represent?
Published	12/28/2023	When does pathologic generation of free radicals arise (5 scenarios)?
Published	12/28/2023	How does ionizing radiation generate free radicals?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most damaging free radical?
Published	12/28/2023	How does inflammation generate free radicals?
Published	12/28/2023	Which metals create free radicals? Through which reaction?
Published	12/28/2023	How do drugs and chemicals create free radicals?
Published	12/28/2023	How do our bodies eliminate free radicals (3 modalities)?
Published	12/28/2023	What antioxidants do our bodies use?
Published	12/28/2023	What enzymes do our bodies use to eliminate free radicals? Mechanism of each?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 2 examples of metal carrier proteins that reduce free radical damage?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the mechanism of tissue damage in hemochromatosis and Wilson dz?
Published	12/28/2023	What 2 key features will indicate an apoptotic cell?
Published	12/28/2023	What is CCl4 and what is its significance? What cellular and gross changes will be seen?
Published	12/28/2023	How does reperfusion injury work? How will you detect it?
Published	12/28/2023	What is amyloidosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the shared features among all amyloid?
Published	12/28/2023	Where does amyloid deposition occur (types)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is primary amyloidosis? What conditions is it associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	What is secondary amyloidosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is SAA (serum amyloid associated) protein? In what three conditions is it increased?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Familial Mediterranean Fever?
Published	12/28/2023	Classic clinical findings of systemic amyloidosis (5)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is senile cardiac amyloidosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is familial amyloid cardiomyopathy?
Published	12/28/2023	Compare and contrast Familial Amyloid Cardiomyopathy and Senile Cardiac Amyloidosis:
Published	12/28/2023	What kind of amyloidosis are noninsulin-dependent diabetics (T2DM) at risk for developing?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the type of amyloid that is deposited in dialysis associated amyloidosis?
Published	12/28/2023	How is amyloid associated with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid?
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