Notes in Cardiac Histo & Imaging

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	11/02/2023	percentage and duration of lumen {{c3::occlusion}}number of vessels {{c3::occluded}}history of prior {{c1::injury}}onset of {{c2::treatment}} → a…
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::coagulation}} necrosis occurs with {{c3::ischemic}} injury in the heart*tissue congeals/freezes, still persists{{c1::caseous}} necrosis is …
Published	10/26/2023	sub{{c1::endo}}cardial zone is most susceptible to ischemic injury because it is...→ the last area to receive {{c2::blood}} delivered by epicardial ve…
Published	10/26/2023	hall mark of cell necrosis is {{c1::cell membrane rupture}}
Published	10/26/2023	post-MI complications such as acute mitral {{c1::regurgitation}} (due to ischemia of {{c2::papillary}} muscles maintaining valve integrity) or interve…
Published	11/02/2023	MI: myocardial subcellular changesischemia → reduced {{c3::ATP}} → impaired Na/K {{c3::ATP}}ase (less Na+ is pumped out, more Na+ influx) → water foll…
Published	10/26/2023	- with coagulative necrosis, loss of {{c1::nuclei}}, loss of {{c1::striations}}, cell {{c2::rupture}}*{{c3::neutrophil}} infiltration following necros…
Published	10/26/2023	Early changes in MI{{c1::wavy}} fibers form→ tissue becomes more {{c3::eosinophilic}}→ loss of {{c2::striations}} and {{c2::nuclei}}neutrophil infiltr…
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Published	10/26/2023	Following cell necrosis, {{c1::neutrophils}} come in to compartmentalize damage and start clean up
Published	10/26/2023	Acute "flash" pulmonary edema aka. cardiogenic pulmonary edema secondary to acute LV failureLV failure due to ischemia → backpressure into {{c1::LA}} …
Published	10/26/2023	Area of OLD {{c1::infarct}}: - consists of a dense, white {{c2::collagenous}} scarfew residual cardiac muscle cells are present{{c3::Masson’s t…
Published	10/26/2023	Areas of NEW {{c1::infarct}}:  - appear {{c2::darker}} than OLD infarct
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Published	10/26/2023	{{c3::Granulation}} tissue (composed of {{c2::fibroblasts}}, newly formed {{c4::capillaries}} with vascular endothelial cells, & macrophages withi…
Published	10/26/2023	Infective {{c3::myocarditis}} *most common cause: {{c4::coxsackieviruses}} in the US- present with low grade fever, inflammatory sympto…
Published	11/02/2023	Hyper{{c1::trophic}} {{c3::obstructive}} cardiomyopathy (HOCM)*most common cause: mutation in {{c5::β my…
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::Dilated}} cardiomyopathy*{{c3::alcohol}} is the leading cause of non-ischemic {{c1::dilated}} cardiomyopathy- enlarged LV with reduced wall…
Published	10/26/2023	{{c2::Restrictive}} cardiomyopathy secondary to {{c1::amyloidosis}}- {{c4::extra}}cellular acellular amorphous material ({{c1::amyloid…
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Published	10/26/2023	Cardiac size determined by {{c2::cardiothoracic}} rationormal {{c2::cardiothoracic}} ratio: → < {{c1::0.5}} on upright PA radiograph&nbsp…
Published	10/26/2023	CXR can assess {{c1::enlargement}} of cardiac silhouette secondary to {{c2::cardiomegaly}} and/or {{c2::pericardial effusion}} {{c3::Aneurysm}} of the…
Published	10/26/2023	Cardio{{c1::megaly}} (secondary to {{c2::CHF}})- costalprehnic angles are obliterated due to fluid build up around lungs - {{c2::CHF}} because yo…
Published	10/26/2023	Cardiac Silhouette Enlargement causes:• Cardiomyopathy → Ischemic ({{c1::coronary artery disease}}) → Hypertensive → Infectious ({{c2::Coxsackie}} vi…
Published	11/02/2023	Pericardial {{c3::effusion}}- enlarged, all the way to chest wall → "water bottle configuration“- loss of normal contours of {{c1::superior}} med…
Published	10/26/2023	{{c2::Lateral}} view can be very useful for pericardial effusion- look for triple-line (one adjacent to heart and one adjacent to ch…
Published	10/26/2023	Pericardial {{c1::calcification}}- cardiac contours appear denser (more white) - secondary to TB or chemoradiation
Published	10/26/2023
Published	10/26/2023	PA (left) vs AP (right) views- {{c1::AP}} shows magnification of heart and widening of mediastinum
Published	10/26/2023	Left Atria*normal: LA should be under {{c1::carina}} of trachea - if LA enlarged: → {{c2::splaying}} of {{c1::carina}}→ {{c3::double}} density al…
Published	11/02/2023	Left Ventricle*normal: LV should be under {{c1::carina}} of trachea - if LV enlarged:→ {{c2::rounding}} and elongation of left inferior…
Published	10/26/2023	RA and RV Enlargement*lateral view- RV enlargement (accompanied by RA enlargement) may show filling/obliteration in of {{c1::retrosternal}} space&nbsp…
Published	11/02/2023	Cardiac valves- find most consistent round lucency → {{c1::main bronchus}}- trace a line from {{c1::main bronchus}} all the way to apex → ab…
Published	10/26/2023	Cardiac valve disease: {{c3::aortic valve insufficiency}}- enlargement of entire {{c4::aorta}}- enlarged {{c5::LV}}
Published	10/26/2023	Cardiac valve disease: {{c2::mitral valve regurgitation}}- {{c3::markedly}} enlarged heart- large {{c1::LA}}
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Published	11/02/2023	will only see coronary arteries on CXR if they are {{c1::calcified}} or have {{c1::stents}}
Published	11/02/2023	Aorta- aortic root has right and left coronary artery branching of from right and left {{c1::aortic sinuses}} aka {{c2::sinus of Valsalva}} just above…
Published	10/26/2023	Coronary {{c1::CTA}} reformation can be used to to evaluate plaque in LAD
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::Pulmonary}} Artery Hypertension• dilated main PA • enlargement and calcification of central left and right PA’s • rapid {{c2::pruning}} of …
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::Aneurysm}} of the ascending thoracic aorta- bulge on left side (aorta)- heart size looks normal
Published	10/26/2023	- coronary stent in left superior aspect of silhouette so probably {{c1::LCx}} or {{c2::LAD}}*NOT in main LCA
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