Review Note

Last Update: 10/31/2024 01:04 AM

Current Deck: 6250 Questions

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Evaluate how an idealised model can be adapted to account for different ground conditions, such as soft soils or fractured rock. (5 marks)

Material Property Adjustments

For soft soils, the model can include lower strength and stiffness parameters to reflect the soil’s compressibility and potential for deformation. In fractured rock, anisotropic properties (varying strength in different directions) can be added to capture the influence of joints and faults on stability.

Non-Linear Behavior Incorporation

Non-linear models simulate time-dependent behaviors like creep in soft soils or progressive failure in fractured rock. This allows the model to more accurately represent gradual settlement or stress redistribution over time, adapting to the expected ground response to tunnelling.

Groundwater Interaction

Adding groundwater flow and pore pressure effects helps predict water-induced instability in soft soils. In fractured rock, groundwater modeling focuses on seepage paths through cracks, allowing the model to assess and manage risks like inflow or erosion around the tunnel face.

Enhanced Support Modeling

By simulating different support types and installation timings, the model can be adapted to assess the effectiveness of shotcrete, spiling, or grouted bolts tailored to either compressible soils or unstable rock zones, offering a realistic interaction between ground and support.

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) for Local Variations

FEA allows the model to break down complex ground sections, applying specific parameters for localized variations (e.g., weak zones or high-stress fractures) in soft or fractured ground. This enhances precision and adaptability across diverse geologies within the same model framework.

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