Notes in Cell Signaling

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	08/28/2023	- cell/plasma membrane made out of a double layer of {{c1::phospholipid}} molecules- {{c1::phospholipids}} have a “{{c2::head}}” made out of hydr…
Published	08/27/2023	glucose goes through glycolysis in {{c1::cytoplasm}} of cell glucose (6C) → pyruvate (3C) → cirtric acid (Krebs) cycle and ETC → makes {{c3::32}}…
Published	09/09/2023	cell communicate by sending out tiny {{c1::chemical}} signals that act on the receptors on other cells- signals can be classified according to distanc…
Published	08/27/2023	cell signaling stages:1. {{c1::reception}}: when the target cell’s receptor binds to a ligand2. {{c2::transduction}}: receptor protein changes in…
Published	08/30/2023	three major classes of transmembrane receptors: - {{c2::G}} protein coupled receptors- {{c1::enzyme}}-coupled receptors- {{c3::ion}} channel receptors
Published	08/30/2023	G-protein coupled receptors- seven pass transmembrane receptors- intracellular portion activates G proteins ({{c1::guanine nucleotide}}-binding p…
Published	08/29/2023	G{{c1::q}} protein activates enzyme {{c2::phospholipase C}} found in cell membrane → PLC cleaves {{c3::phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate::which ph…
Published	08/30/2023	G{{c1::s}} protein stimulates the enzyme {{c2::adenylate cyclase}} → takes ATP and removes two phosphate molecules → transforms it into {{c3::cyclic a…
Published	08/30/2023	enzyme-coupled receptors- {{c2::single}}-pass transmembrane proteins with extracellular end being the {{c3::receptor}} and the intracellular end havin…
Published	09/09/2023	enzyme-coupled receptorsreceptor tyrosine kinases*most common enzyme-coupled receptors - can’t phosphorylate their own tyrosine side chains- when…
Published	08/29/2023	ion channel receptors - generally stay {{c2::closed}}, but open up once they bind a specific ligand- allow ions like chloride, calcium, sodium, a…
Published	08/29/2023	Reddy lecture miscellaneous:- normal expected blood glucose (fasting) is {{c1::80-100::range}} mg/deciliter- nifedipine is a {{c2::calcium}} channel b…
Published	09/09/2023	6d4f32740128487f8bef345e763f8563-oa-1
Published	09/01/2023	6d4f32740128487f8bef345e763f8563-oa-2
Published	09/09/2023	6d4f32740128487f8bef345e763f8563-oa-3
Published	08/29/2023	6d4f32740128487f8bef345e763f8563-oa-4
Published	09/09/2023	6d4f32740128487f8bef345e763f8563-oa-5
Published	09/01/2023	6d4f32740128487f8bef345e763f8563-oa-6
Published	08/29/2023	6d4f32740128487f8bef345e763f8563-oa-7
Published	09/01/2023	6d4f32740128487f8bef345e763f8563-oa-8
Published	08/29/2023	insulin and growth factors work through {{c1::enzyme}}-linked receptor signaling
Published	09/09/2023	insulin signals via {{c1::endocrine::endocrine/paracrine/autocrine}} signalingprostaglandins signal through {{c2::paracrine::endocrine/paracrine/autoc…
Published	09/09/2023	91d4c13cdb1b417db71b216b00039213-ao-1
Published	09/01/2023	91d4c13cdb1b417db71b216b00039213-ao-2
Published	09/09/2023	91d4c13cdb1b417db71b216b00039213-ao-3
Published	09/09/2023	91d4c13cdb1b417db71b216b00039213-ao-4
Published	09/01/2023	91d4c13cdb1b417db71b216b00039213-ao-5
Published	09/09/2023	91d4c13cdb1b417db71b216b00039213-ao-6
Published	08/30/2023	O2, CO2, NO, steroid hormones are {{c1::small::size}} {{c2::hydrophobic::hydrophilic/hydrophobic}} molecules → permeable {{c3::H2O}} is a small h…
Published	08/29/2023	resting membrane potential of all living cells is maintain largely by movement of {{c1::potassium}} ions
Published	08/31/2023	opening sodium or calcium channels will {{c1::de}}polarize cell opening potassium or chloride channels {{c1::hyper}}polarize cell
Published	09/09/2023	ce783e4c9ffd4459ac560b605ab989a4-ao-1
Published	08/29/2023	ce783e4c9ffd4459ac560b605ab989a4-ao-2
Published	09/09/2023	ce783e4c9ffd4459ac560b605ab989a4-ao-3
Published	09/09/2023	ce783e4c9ffd4459ac560b605ab989a4-ao-4
Published	08/29/2023	Most channels are usually in {{c1::CLOSED}} state, but there are many ways to open channels→ voltage→ ligand→ stress *some {{c2::potassium}} chan…
Published	08/29/2023	alcohol, GABA, barbutyrates, diazepam (Valium), zolpidem (Ambien) ^^ all of these increase {{c1::chloride}} ion flux → {{c2::hyper}}polarize neur…
Published	08/29/2023	sodium, calcium, chloride are higher in concentration {{c1::outside::outside/inside}} the cellpotassium is higher concentration {{c1::inside::outside/…
Published	09/09/2023	937347b9561248b1a0133499d62eef7a-ao-1
Published	09/01/2023	937347b9561248b1a0133499d62eef7a-ao-2
Published	09/01/2023	937347b9561248b1a0133499d62eef7a-ao-3
Published	08/29/2023	937347b9561248b1a0133499d62eef7a-ao-4
Published	09/09/2023	{{c1::Resting membrane potential}}: negative inside cells, usually  {{c7::-60 to -70::range}} millivolts; mostly due to movement of {{c2::K+}} io…
Published	08/29/2023	{{c1::Cortisol::hormone}} levels are higher under stress
Published	09/09/2023	25184fd5490748ff8e304a252e28b735-oa-1
Published	08/29/2023	25184fd5490748ff8e304a252e28b735-oa-2
Published	09/01/2023	25184fd5490748ff8e304a252e28b735-oa-3
Published	09/01/2023	25184fd5490748ff8e304a252e28b735-oa-4
Published	08/29/2023	25184fd5490748ff8e304a252e28b735-oa-5
Published	09/01/2023	25184fd5490748ff8e304a252e28b735-oa-6
Published	08/29/2023	25184fd5490748ff8e304a252e28b735-oa-7
Published	09/01/2023	25184fd5490748ff8e304a252e28b735-oa-8
Published	08/29/2023	25184fd5490748ff8e304a252e28b735-oa-9
Published	09/01/2023	25184fd5490748ff8e304a252e28b735-oa-10
Published	09/03/2023	25184fd5490748ff8e304a252e28b735-oa-11
Published	09/01/2023	25184fd5490748ff8e304a252e28b735-oa-12
Published	09/01/2023	25184fd5490748ff8e304a252e28b735-oa-13
Published	09/01/2023	25184fd5490748ff8e304a252e28b735-oa-14
Published	08/29/2023	1st messenger are {{c1::outside}} the cell while 2nd messenger are within {{c2::cytoplasm}}
Published	09/09/2023	0356041d94494d958f36db0efe40d989-ao-1
Published	08/29/2023	0356041d94494d958f36db0efe40d989-ao-2
Published	09/09/2023	0356041d94494d958f36db0efe40d989-ao-3
Published	08/29/2023	hydro{{c1::philic}} signals that do not cross membrane:→ {{c5::small molecules}} like acetylcholine, dopamine, epinephrine → {{c4::peptides/prote…
Published	08/29/2023	hallmark of GPCR signaling is signal {{c1::amplification}}
Published	09/09/2023	0befdb9256fd46079a4a9e17c78e4a5b-ao-1
Published	09/01/2023	0befdb9256fd46079a4a9e17c78e4a5b-ao-2
Published	08/29/2023	0befdb9256fd46079a4a9e17c78e4a5b-ao-3
Published	09/09/2023	0befdb9256fd46079a4a9e17c78e4a5b-ao-4
Published	09/09/2023	0befdb9256fd46079a4a9e17c78e4a5b-ao-5
Published	08/29/2023	{{c2::albuterol}} (modified {{c1::epinephrine}}) is commonly used as a bronchodilator → relaxes smooth muscle around airways → works through GPCR…
Published	08/31/2023	albuterol → ... → dilates {{c4::airway}}acetylcholine on heart → ... → {{c3::HR}} goes downGq pathway, calcium → ... → {{c2::BP}} …
Published	08/29/2023	{{c1::epinephrine}} activates all Gs, Gi and Gq pathways→ one signal, multiple receptors - the location of {{c2::receptors}} in different cells deter…
Published	09/03/2023	02d94646cd484b5a8e05ed3e115d6ade-oa-1
Published	08/29/2023	02d94646cd484b5a8e05ed3e115d6ade-oa-2
Published	08/29/2023	02d94646cd484b5a8e05ed3e115d6ade-oa-3
Published	08/29/2023	02d94646cd484b5a8e05ed3e115d6ade-oa-4
Published	08/29/2023	02d94646cd484b5a8e05ed3e115d6ade-oa-5
Published	08/29/2023	02d94646cd484b5a8e05ed3e115d6ade-oa-6
Published	09/01/2023	02d94646cd484b5a8e05ed3e115d6ade-oa-7
Published	08/29/2023	02d94646cd484b5a8e05ed3e115d6ade-oa-8
Published	08/29/2023	02d94646cd484b5a8e05ed3e115d6ade-oa-9
Published	09/01/2023	02d94646cd484b5a8e05ed3e115d6ade-oa-10
Published	08/29/2023	02d94646cd484b5a8e05ed3e115d6ade-oa-11
Published	09/01/2023	02d94646cd484b5a8e05ed3e115d6ade-oa-12
Published	09/01/2023	02d94646cd484b5a8e05ed3e115d6ade-oa-13
Published	08/30/2023	{{c5::kinases}} add phosphates, {{c5::phosphatases}} remove phosphates→ addition/removal of phosphate alters enzyme shape (and therefore {{c7::ac…
Published	08/29/2023	Signal termination Epinephrine: stop {{c1::release}} → circulating epinephrine is modified / inactivated by plasma and liver enzymes Activated GaS, …
Published	09/01/2023	{{c3::glimepiride}} (sulfonyl urea) → blocks {{c2::K+::ion}} channels → increase release of insulin from {{c1::beta}} cells of pancrease → lowers bloo…
Published	08/29/2023	insulin works by {{c1::enzyme}}-linked receptor signaling- insulin regulates metabolism of major nutrients including transport of glucose, amino acids…
Published	08/29/2023	{{c3::Bell’s}} palsy: most likely due to viral infection, local {{c2::inflammation}} compromising facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) innervating mu…
Published	09/09/2023	- hydro{{c3::phobic::phobic or philic?}} signaling molecules can’t freely float in extracellular space → brought to target cells by {{c4::carrier prot…
Published	09/09/2023	d0707b3b7ffe4aa39b2c7c40bc1c055e-ao-1
Published	09/09/2023	d0707b3b7ffe4aa39b2c7c40bc1c055e-ao-2
Published	09/09/2023	d0707b3b7ffe4aa39b2c7c40bc1c055e-ao-3
Published	09/09/2023	d0707b3b7ffe4aa39b2c7c40bc1c055e-ao-4
Status	Last Update	Fields