Notes in Current decks::RCSI Exams::SC1 Psych - Updated

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/02/2024	THIS IS A TEST :)
Published	09/02/2024	hello its vic
Published	09/02/2024	test 2
Published	09/03/2024	Management is divided into __________ , __________ & __________
Published	09/03/2024	Tailor the management plan to the individual case rather than giving a                  management plan w…
Published	09/03/2024	Assess what medications the patient is on and consider any                   to the medications to m…
Published	09/03/2024	It is important to not just write "antidepressant/mood stabilizer/antipsychotic" under the                &nbs…
Published	09/03/2024	Do not consider                    unless all other management strategies have failed and there is c…
Published	09/03/2024	For management plan - if a patient requires inpatient treatment you must consider:
Published	09/03/2024	For a management plan - first must consider the most suitable location for management at the current time (e.g          &nbsp…
Published	09/03/2024	For management plan - second step would be to determine (1)                , (2)        &n…
Published	09/03/2024	Switching from depression to mania / hypomania can occur spontaneously over the course of the illness, but can also be precipitated by {{c1::stress, s…
Published	09/03/2024	The conversion from depression to bipolar disorder is more likely to occur within {{c1::five}} years of the first episode of depression.
Published	09/03/2024	The primary types of mood episodes are:1. {{c1::Depressive}} episode.2. {{c1::Manic}} episode.3. {{c1::Mixed}} episode.4. {{c1::Hypomanic}} episode.
Published	09/03/2024	Depressive disorders include the following:A. {{c1::Single episode}} depressive disorder.B. {{c1::Recurrent}} depressive disorder.C. {{c1::Dysthymic}}…
Published	09/03/2024	Bipolar or related disorders include the following:A. Bipolar type {{c1::I}} disorder.B. Bipolar type {{c1::II}} disorder.C. {{c1::Cyclothymic}} disor…
Published	09/03/2024	a depressive episode is diagnosed with the presence of at least {{c1::5}} characteristic symptoms most of the day, everyday for at least {{c1::2}} wee…
Published	09/03/2024	characteristic cluster symptoms of a depressive episode are (3){{c1::affective cluster, cognitive behavioral cluster, neurovegetative cluster}}
Published	09/03/2024	symptoms in the affective cluster for a depressive episode: (2){{c1::Depressed mood diminished interest or pleasure in activities}}
Published	09/03/2024	symptoms in the cognitive-behavioral cluster of a depressive episode: (4){{c1::Reduced concentration low self-worth or guilt Hopelessness ab…
Published	09/03/2024	symptoms in the neuro-vegetative cluster of a depressive episode: (4){{c1::Disrupted sleep/ excessive sleepchange in appetite or weightPsychomotor agi…
Published	09/03/2024	moderate and severe depressive episodes are described as with or without {{c1::psychotic}} symptoms
Published	09/03/2024	Mild depressive episodes {{c1::do not}} include psychotic symptoms.
Published	09/03/2024	a manic episode needs both:{{c1::an extreme mood state}} and {{c1::increased activity/energy}}for most of the day nearly every day for at least {{c2::…
Published	09/03/2024	a manic episode may also present with:(speech) {{c1::pressured speech}} (thoughts) {{c2::racing thoughts, flight of ideas}}(mood) {{c3::increased…
Published	09/03/2024	common delusions seen in a manic episode: (4){{c1::grandiose delusionspersecutory delusionsself referential delusions influence/passivity and con…
Published	09/03/2024	a {{c1::mixed}} episode is diagnosed when there are several manic and depressive symptoms simultaneously or alternating very rapidly for at least {{c2…
Published	09/03/2024	a hypomanic episode is diagnosed when there are both symptoms of mania for  (length of time) {{c1::several days}}
Published	09/03/2024	hypomania is a symptom of bipolar {{c1::1}} disorder while mania is a symptoms of bipolar {{c1::2}} disorder
Published	09/03/2024	hypomania does not impair {{c1::function}} while mania does
Published	09/03/2024	The prevalence of depressive disorders significantly increases at {{c1::puberty}} with the average age of onset occurring during the {{c1::mid-20s}}.
Published	09/03/2024	In the absence of intervention, depressive episodes typically last {{c1::three to four}} months the majority experiencing remission within{{c1::o…
Published	09/03/2024	Individuals with bipolar disorders often present initially with a {{c1::depressive}} episode.
Published	09/03/2024	Lifetime prevalence of depressive disorders is approximately {{c1::twice}} as high for women.
Published	09/03/2024	Women with a diagnosis of a depressive disorder are more likely to experience co-occurring {{c1::anxiety or fear-related}} disorders, disturbances in …
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::recurrent depressive}} disorder: A history of at least two depressive episodes, which may include a current episode, separated by several months…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::dysthimic}} disorder: Persistent depressed mood (i.e. lasting two years or more)
Published	09/03/2024	{{c2::mixed depressive and anxiety}} disorder has the presence of both depressive and anxiety symptoms for {{c1::two}} weeks or more.
Published	09/03/2024	Prevalence rates for bipolar type I disorder are {{c1::similar}} between men and women with a tendency for {{c1::men}} to exhibit earlier onset of sym…
Published	09/03/2024	Manic episodes occur more commonly in (men or women?) {{c1::men}} and are typically more severe and impairing. In contrast, {{c1::women}} are more lik…
Published	09/03/2024	Disorders due to {{c1::substance use}} often co-occur with bipolar type I disorder among menwomen are more likely to experience co-morbid medical cond…
Published	09/03/2024	bipolar 2 disorder is more common among (men or women) {{c1::women}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::cyclothymic}} disoder: Mood instability over an extended period of time (i.e. {{c2::two}} years or more) characterized by numerous hypomanicand …
Published	09/03/2024	Biochemical hypothesis of depression: the monoamine hypothesis of depression refers to decreased levels of monoamines (e.g. {{c1::5-HT, NA, and DA}}).…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::BDNF}} is down-regulated in depression and is increased with successful antidepressant treatment.
Published	09/03/2024	components of {{c1::high expressed emotion}} are hostility, critical comments and over-involvement.
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Cognitive triad}}: the person has a negative view of themselves, the world and the future.
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Cognitive distortions}}: these are systemic errors in thinking that maintain the belief of depressedindividuals in negative concepts.
Published	09/03/2024	cognitive distortion -{{c1:: Arbitrary inference}}: making conclusions without supporting and relevant information.
Published	09/03/2024	cognitive distortion - {{c1::Selective abstraction}}: focusing on only the negative aspects of an event, ignoring the context or other relevant detail…
Published	09/03/2024	cognitive distortion - {{c1::Over-generalisation}}: drawing general conclusions about personal worth from one example.
Published	09/03/2024	cognitive distortion - {{c1::Minimization and magnification}}: performance is underestimated and errors are overestimated.
Published	09/03/2024	Atrophy of the {{c1::hippocampus}} is associated with depression.
Published	09/03/2024	Sleep changes associated with depression Decreased {{c1::REM sleep latency}}. Increased {{c1::REM sleep in the early part of the night.}} Decreased…
Published	09/03/2024	Prognosis of depressiono {{c1::70-80}}% of people with depression have repeated episodeso After the first episode of depression, there is a {{c2::60}}…
Published	09/03/2024	prognosis of bipolar disordero {{c1::10-15}}% of people with bipolar disorder die by suicide. The risks are highest during episodes of{{c1::depression…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::seasonal affective}} disorder: Depression commences in autumn or winter and ends in spring or summer when the hours of daylight increase.o Atypi…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::rapid cycling bipolar}} disorder: four or more depressive, manic, or mixed episodes within 12 months.
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::double}} depression: Dysthymia complicated by a superimposed depressive episode.
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::depressive stupor}}: Unresponsive, akinetic, mute, and fully conscious. Following an episode, the person can recall the events that took place a…
Published	09/03/2024	normal grief reaction lasts {{c1::6-12}} monthsstage 1 - {{c2::stunned}}stage 2 - {{c2::mourning }}stage 3 - {{c2::acceptance and readjustment}}
Published	09/03/2024	Pathological grief (bereavement) reactiono {{c1::Prolonged}} grief reaction: lasting more than 12 months.o {{c1::Delayed}} grief reaction: the first s…
Published	09/04/2024	Treatment for depressed person who is not prescribed an antidepressant
Published	09/04/2024	Treatment for depressed person who is already prescribed fluoxetine (or other antidepressant)
Published	09/04/2024	Treatment for depressed person who is already prescribed the BNF maximum dose of fluoxetine (or other antidepressant), is compliant with meds and has …
Published	09/04/2024	Biological treatment for person with history of mania/hypomania who is currently stable
Published	09/04/2024	Biological treatment for person with acute mania/hypomania
Published	09/04/2024	Antidepressants can sometimes trigger {{c1::hypomania or mania}}, or can make hypomania/more severe
Published	09/04/2024	Biological treatment for person with history of psychosis who is currently stable
Published	09/04/2024	Biological treatment for a psychotic person who is not prescribed an antipsychotic
Published	09/04/2024	Biological treatment for psychotic patient who is already prescribed olanzapine (or other antipsychotic)
Published	09/04/2024	Biological treatment for psychotic person who is already prescribed the BNF maximum dose of olanzapine (or other antipsychotic) and has received a the…
Published	09/04/2024	Biological treatment for a psychotic person with poor compliance with an oral antipsychotic
Published	09/04/2024	Psychological Management{{c1::Risk management}}{{c1::WRAP (wellness recovery action planning)}} is a group for anyone who wants to take more control o…
Published	09/04/2024	Psychological ManagementRisk managementWRAP (wellness recovery action planning) is a group for anyone who wants to take more control over their mental…
Published	09/04/2024	Psychological ManagementRisk managementWRAP (wellness recovery action planning) is a group for anyone who wants to take more control over their mental…
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management{{c1::Alcohol / substance misuse counselling}} Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): for people who have an alcohol problem.Al Anon: for th…
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management{{c1::Social work input}} to assist with employment opportunities, accessing benefits and supported accommodation (if needed)
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management{{c1::Occupational therapy input}} to improve skills (if needed). Improves day to day living skills by focusing on components of…
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management {{c1::Social skills training:}} teaches people about the verbal as well as the non-verbal behaviours involved in social interac…
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management {{c1::Financial advice:}}Money Advice and Budgeting Service (MABS).
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management{{c1::Clubhouses: }}Programme of support and opportunities for people with severe and persistent mental illness. Clubhouse parti…
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management{{c1::Vocational and rehabilitation training }}Supported employment involves individually tailored job placement, rapid job sear…
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management {{c1::Men’s shed:}} a meeting place where men come together and undertake a variety of mutually agreed activities. Men’s s…
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management{{c1::Befriending:}}isolation is a common problem for people suffering from mental illness. Befriending is the development of a relat…
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management{{c1::Child protection and family support}}{{c1::Child and Family Agency (Tusla):}} the Child and Family Agency is the dedicated…
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management{{c1::Domestic violence support }}Women’s Aid: supports women and children who are being physically, emotionally and / or sexual…
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management {{c1::Abuse counselling}}Sexual Violence Centre: national organisation offering a wide range of services to women and men who a…
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management{{c1::Support agencies }}Mental Health Ireland: provides care, support and friendship for the mentally ill, in addition to a Car…
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management {{c1::Patient Advocacy:}} the Irish Advocacy Network provides a peer advocacy service with people who have personal experi…
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management {{c1::Carer support (should always be considered): }}Carer burden is the stress which is perceived by caregivers due to the hom…
Published	09/04/2024	Social Management (Longer Term)Once the patient is discharged from hospital, they should be followed up in the {{c1::psychiatry day hospital}} and sub…
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::National Clinical Programmes}}The {{c1::National Clinical Programmes}} are part of the Office of the Chief Clinical Officer in the HSE. The…
Published	09/04/2024	The {{c1::government}}, the {{c1::Minister for Health}} and the {{c1::Department of Health}} are at the head of the health service in Ireland.
Published	09/04/2024	Ireland has a {{c1::public}} and {{c1::private}} healthcare system.
Published	09/04/2024	Everyone resident in Ireland is entitled to receive healthcare through the {{c1::public healthcare system}}, which is managed by the {{c1::Health Serv…
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::Private health insurance}} in Ireland is optional.
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::Public hospitals}} treat both public and private patients. On admittance to a {{c1::public hospital,}} patients can make a choice to be treated …
Published	09/04/2024	Public health services in the community are sometimes referred to as {{c1::‘community care services’}}. They are generally provided by the HSE but som…
Published	09/04/2024	There are nine {{c1::Community Healthcare Organisations (CHOs)}} in Ireland which are responsible for the delivery of primary and community-based serv…
Published	09/04/2024	The General Medical Services (GMS) Scheme provides {{c1::medical}} and {{c1::GP visit cards}} based on a means test.
Published	09/04/2024	Some people automatically qualify for a medical card and may not have to do a means test (e.g. {{c1::some people affected by thalidomide}}, {{c1::wome…
Published	09/04/2024	Some people automatically qualify for a medical card and may not have to do a means test (e.g. some people affected by thalidomide, women affected by …
Published	09/04/2024	Psychiatric servicesPsychiatric care is delivered predominantly in the community through {{c1::community mental health teams.}}{{c1::Inpatient treatme…
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::Inpatient admission }}This is the option for those ill enough to require inpatient care. In general, the aim is to provide care in the {{c1…
Published	09/04/2024	Community mental health care High intensity support is provided by {{c1::home based treatment teams (crisis resolution teams).}} These …
Published	09/04/2024	Compare and Contrast Home Based Treatment vs Assertive Outreach Length of Involvement?Patient Profile?Referral Source?Response Time?Gatekeeping?
Published	09/04/2024	Community Mental Health CareThe presence of assertive outreach teams and home based treatment teams (crisis resolution teams) vary nationally dependin…
Published	09/04/2024	The {{c1::community mental health team }}The {{c1::community mental health team}} is a community based multidisciplinary mental health servi…
Published	09/04/2024	The Community Mental Health TeamCare is age based. At present, {{c1::child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS)}} provide care up to the age …
Published	09/04/2024	The community mental health teamComponents of a psychiatry {{c1::multidisciplinary team (MDT)}} differ between services, depending on available resour…
Published	09/04/2024	The MDT meets {{c1::regularly}} to discuss their work so that each patient has a care plan best suited to their individual needs.
Published	09/04/2024	Psychiatrist Role Psychiatrists are doctors with a degree in medicine, who specialise in the {{c1::assessment and management}} of mental health c…
Published	09/04/2024	Psychiatrist Role Psychiatrists employ treatments including {{c1::psychotherapy}} in various modalities, {{c1::social interventions}} and {{c1::m…
Published	09/04/2024	Psychiatrist Role A consultant psychiatrist is {{c1::legally}} responsible for the patients under their care. There may be a number of other…
Published	09/04/2024	Mental Health Nursing is a {{c1::four year}} BSc degree.
Published	09/04/2024	Clinical Nurse Manager (CNM2) RolesLinks with the {{c1::consultant psychiatrist}} and the NCHDs on the team. Engages with other members of the MD…
Published	09/04/2024	Staff Nurse Roles A staff nurse in the community fulfils a {{c1::CNM2 role}} when the {{c1::CNM2}} is on leave. Sees patients on a {{c2::one…
Published	09/04/2024	Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) RolesA CNS in psychotherapy and CBT works individually with patients who require a {{c1::more in-depth approach}} than…
Published	09/04/2024	Do not consider {{c1::electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)}} unless all other management strategies have failed and there is clear indication for the treat…
Published	09/04/2024	Use antidepressants for at least {{c1::six to nine}} months for first episode depression or {{c1::two}} years for recurrentdepression.
Published	09/04/2024	There is a {{c1::55-70}}% response rate with antidepressants for acute depression.
Published	09/04/2024	All antidepressantsshow a pattern of response where the rate of improvement is highest during weeks {{c1::1-2}} and lowest during weeks {{c1::4-6}}.
Published	09/04/2024	antidepressant treatment has been associated with an increased risk of {{c1::suicidal thoughts and acts}},particularly in adolescents and young adults
Published	09/04/2024	Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)Mechanism of action: {{c1::inhibit the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NA) in presynaptic terminals, …
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Published	09/04/2024	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Mechanism of action: {{c1::inhibit the reuptake of serotonin by serotonin transporters located on presynaptic…
Published	09/04/2024	as well as headache and GI symptoms, {{c1::SSRIs}} are associated with a range of other side effects, includingsexual dysfunction, hyponatraemia and G…
Published	09/04/2024	SSRIs inhibit the serotonin transporter which is responsible for the update of serotonin into platelets. The depletion of platelet serotonin leads to …
Published	09/04/2024	withdrawal symptoms are more common in SSRIs with shorter half-lives and inactive metabolites e.g. {{c1::paroxetine > fluvoxamine > sertraline}}…
Published	09/04/2024	avoid the combination of a MAOI with a SSRI or TCA due to the risk of developing the {{c1::serotonin syndrome.}}
Published	09/04/2024	TCA Anticholinergic (antimuscarinic M1) effects: {{c1::dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, constipation and urinary retention.}}
Published	09/04/2024	TCA Antihistaminic (H1) effects: {{c1::sedationand weight gain.}}
Published	09/04/2024	TCA α1 blockade effects: {{c1::postural hypotensionand sedation.}}
Published	09/04/2024	TCA Cardiovascular effects: {{c1::orthostatic hypotension, ECG changes (Prolonged QT), tachycardia + other heart rate changes}}
Published	09/04/2024	SSRIs Gastrointestinal effects: {{c1::nausea andvomiting.}}
Published	09/04/2024	SSRIs Central nervous system effects:{{c1::headache, dizziness, agitation, insomnia andtremor.}}
Published	09/04/2024	SSRIs Sexual dysfunction:{{c1::SSRIs decrease libido and can causeanorgasmia.}}
Published	09/04/2024	SSRIs Cardiac: {{c1::SSRIs can prolong the QT interval.}}
Published	09/04/2024	Advantages of SSRIs over TCAs{{c1:: Less sedating. Minimal anticholinergic side effects. Lower cardiotoxicity. Safer in overdose.}}
Published	09/04/2024	Components of a mental state exam can be remembered by the acronym ASEPTIC RISK: - {{c1::Appearance and behavior}}- {{c1::Spe…
Published	09/04/2024	Components of appearance:- {{c1::Hygiene and self-care}}- {{c1::Manner}}- {{c1::Rapport}}- {{c1::Eye contact}}- {{c1::Facial expre…
Published	09/04/2024	Venlafaxine MOA: {{c1::Serotonin noradrenalineReuptake inhibitor (SNRI).}}SE:{{c2:: Nausea, dry mouth, constipation,dizziness, headache, insomnia,som…
Published	09/04/2024	Duloxetine MOA: {{c1::Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).}}SE:{{c2:: Nausea, dry mouth,constipation, dizziness, headache,insomnia, som…
Published	09/04/2024	Reboxetine MOA: {{c1::Noradrenaline reuptakeinhibitor (NARI).}}
Published	09/04/2024	Trazodone MOA: {{c1::Serotonin antagonist andReuptake inhibitor (SARI).}}SE:{{c1:: Sedation, priapism.}}
Published	09/04/2024	Mianserin MOA: {{c1::Tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA).}}SE:{{c2:: Depression.  Sedation, rash.}}
Published	09/04/2024	Mirtazapine MOA: {{c1::Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant(NaSSA).}}
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::venlafaxine}} and {{c1::mirtazapine}} combinationis called “California rocket fuel” due to themultiple mechanism of action ofneurotransmitter sy…
Published	09/04/2024	Bupropion MOA: {{c1::Noradrenergic anddopaminergic reuptake inhibitor (NDRI).}}special use:{{c2:: Smokingcessation. Can be given tooffset sexual sid…
Published	09/04/2024	Agomelatine MOA: {{c1::Simultaneously acts as a MT1and MT2 melatonergic receptors agonist and a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist.}} Note: agomelatine i…
Published	09/04/2024	Vortioxetine MOA: {{c1::Multimodal activity inhibits serotonin reuptake andmodulates serotonin receptor activity.}}
Published	09/04/2024	Esketamine (nasal spray)MOA: {{c1::NMDA receptor antagonist.}} In combination with a SSRI or SNRI, esketamine is indicated for adults with {{c2::treat…
Published	09/04/2024	The four main MAOIs are {{c1::isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine and selegiline.}}
Published	09/04/2024	all antidepressants can cause (electrolyte imbalance) {{c1::hyponatremia}}, should be managed with {{c2::fluid restriction}}
Published	09/04/2024	Symptoms / signs of serotonin syndrome: Psychiatric / neurological: {{c1::agitation, confusion, coma, death.}} Neuromuscular: {{c2::ataxia, hy…
Published	09/04/2024	serotonin syndrome managementSevere symptoms: requires immediate transfer to the emergency department for supportive treatment andacute management.If …
Published	09/05/2024	If a person develops mania or hypomania and is not taking an antipsychotic or mood stabiliser:o Offer  (4 options) {{c1::haloperidol, olanzapine,…
Published	09/05/2024	If a person develops moderate or severe bipolar depression and is not taking medication to treattheir bipolar disorder Offer {{c1::fluoxetine}} combi…
Published	09/05/2024	If a person develops moderate or severe bipolar depression and is already taking lithium Check their {{c1::plasma lithium}} level. If it is inadequat…
Published	09/05/2024	If a person develops moderate or severe bipolar depression and is already taking valproate Consider increasing the dose within the therapeutic range.…
Published	09/05/2024	Indications of Lithium Acute treatment of {{c1::mania}}  Prophylaxis of {{c1::bipolar}} disorder  Prophylaxis of {{c1::recurrent depressi…
Published	09/05/2024	Lithium has been used to treat {{c1::clozapine-induced neutropenia}} However, prescribing clozapine to a patient already taking lithium may result in …
Published	09/05/2024	Monitoring Lithium Prior to starting lithiumo Bloods ({{c1::RFTs, TFTs, calcium level}}), {{c1::ECG}}, {{c1::weight,}}, exclude {{c1::pregnancy}}.
Published	09/05/2024	Monitoring lithium  After starting or changing the dose of lithiumo Serum lithium should be measured {{c1::5-7}} days after starting or changing…
Published	09/05/2024	Monitoring Lithium During treatmento Check serum lithium level every {{c1::three}} months.o Check {{c2::RFTs, TFTs and calcium level}} every six mont…
Published	09/05/2024	Lithium formulations Lithium {{c2::carbonate}} (lithium in the form of {{c1::tablets}}). Lithium {{c2::citrate}} (lithium in the form of {{c1::liqui…
Published	09/05/2024	lithium can cause (teratogen) {{c1::ebstein's anomaly}}
Published	09/05/2024	Side effects of lithium Earlyo Gastrointestinal effects: {{c1::vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea}}.o urine: {{c1::Polyuria and polydipsia}}.o {{c1::Fine tr…
Published	09/05/2024	{{c1::propranolol}} may be useful for lithium-induced tremor
Published	09/05/2024	Side effects of lithium At any timeo Toxicity --> {{c1::exacerbation of existing side effects, confusion, coma and death}} Signs begin to appear …
Published	09/05/2024	 Treatment of lithium toxicity: Admission may be required for {{c1::dehydration}} and administration of {{c1::anticonvulsants}} depending onseverity…
Published	09/05/2024	Side effects of Lithium Longer-term (3)o {{c1::Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.o Nephropathy.o Hypothyroidism (risk for females > males). In middle…
Published	09/05/2024	Lithium interacts with the following, precipitating toxicity: (3){{c1::o Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.o Anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAI…
Published	09/05/2024	Indications of valproate Treatment and prophylaxis of {{c1::mania}}. Treatment and prophylaxis of {{c1::depression}}. Treatment of {{c1::rapid cycl…
Published	09/05/2024	Prior to starting valproateo Bloods ({{c1::FBC, LFTs}}), {{c1::weight}}, exclude {{c1::pregnancy.}}
Published	09/05/2024	During treatment with valproateo Check serum valproate level every {{c1::three}} months.o Check {{c1::FBC and LFTs}} every six months.o Monitor {{c1::…
Published	09/05/2024	Valproate formulations {{c1::Sodium valproate}} (valproate in the form of tablets or liquid). {{c1::Valproic acid}} (valproate in the form of tablet…
Published	09/05/2024	foetal valproate syndrome consists of:o {{c1::Facial}} anomalies ({{c2::flat nasal bridge, epicanthic folds, small nose with anteverted nostrils, long…
Published	09/05/2024	Side effects of valproate Gastrointestinal effects: {{c1::gastric irritation, nausea, diarrhoea.}} {{c1::Drowsiness}}. {{c1::Weight}} gain. Hyper{…
Published	09/05/2024	Indications for carbamazepine Treatment and prophylaxis of {{c1::depression}}. Treatment and prophylaxis of {{c1::mania}} (not as a first-line treat…
Published	09/05/2024	Monitoring of carbamazepine Prior to starting carbamazepine: bloods ({{c1::FBC, RFTs, LFTs}}), {{c1::weight}}, exclude {{c1::pregnancy}}. During tre…
Published	09/05/2024	Side effects of carbamezepine Gastrointestinal effects: {{c1::nausea and vomiting}}. eyes - {{c1::Diplopia}}. head - {{c1::Headaches, Dizziness, dr…
Published	09/05/2024	avoid using clozapine and carbamazepine together as both can cause {{c1::agranulocytosis}}.
Published	09/05/2024	monitor {{c1::LFTs}} when prescribing lamotrigine
Published	09/05/2024	Side effects of lamotrigine Gastrointestinal effects: {{c1::nausea and vomiting}}. eyes - {{c1::Diplopia}}. head - {{c1::Headaches, Dizziness.}} R…
Published	09/06/2024	ICD-11 essential features of schizophrenia: At least {{c1::two}} of the following symptoms must be present for a period of {{c1::one month or mor…
Published	09/06/2024	Course specifiers for schizophrenia: Schizophrenia, first episode - {{c1::used to identify people experiencing symptoms that meet the diagnostic …
Published	09/06/2024	The prodromal phase of schizophrenia - happens {{c1::weeks or months}} before the onset of psychotic symptoms often including {{c2::loss of interest i…
Published	09/06/2024	Early-onset schizophrenia is associated with a {{c1::poorer}} prognosis whereas affective and social functioning are {{c1::more}} likely to be preserv…
Published	09/06/2024	{{c1::Positive}} symptoms of schizophrenia tends to diminish naturally overtime, whereas {{c1::negative}} symptoms often persistent and are tied to po…
Published	09/06/2024	Gender related features of schizophrenia schizophrenia is more prevalent in {{c1::males}}males experience onset in their {{c1::early to mid}}&nbs…
Published	09/11/2024	{{c1::Fear}} represents a reaction to perceived imminent threat in the present, whereas {{c1::anxiety}} is more future-oriented, referring to perceive…
Published	09/11/2024	{{c1::Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A)}} is an observer rating scale which is used to measure the severity of a patient's anxiety and to monitor …
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