Notes in Pharm 241

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Published	03/11/2024	Terminologies• {{c1::Pharmacognosy}} – science of {{c2::natural products in drug discovery}}• {{c1::Complementary medicine}} – {{c2::health practices …
Published	03/11/2024	Drug Interactions:St. John’s Wort:• Inducer of {{c1::CYP450 3A4, 2C19, 2C9, 1A2}}: avoid use with {{c2::oral contraceptives, transplant drug…
Published	03/11/2024	Hepatotoxicity• {{c1::Kava (stress/anxiety, insomnia)• Butterbur• Black cohosh (menopausal symptoms)• Green tea “extract” (body-building products…
Published	03/11/2024	**Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)• Cofactor in {{c1::ATP production, energy production functions and antioxidant regeneration}}• Use: {{c1::reduce risk…
Published	03/11/2024	**Fish Oil• Source of {{c1::omega-3 fatty acids}}• Use: {{c1::lower triglyceride, heart failure, hypertension}}Side effects:• {{c2::Fishy ha…
Published	03/11/2024	Garlic• Animal and in vitro models showed antiplatelet and anti-infectiveproperties• Uses: {{c1::hyperlipidemia, hypertension}}Side effects:• GI …
Published	03/11/2024	Which of the following is true regarding fish oil? Select all that apply{{c1::1) May increase bleeding risk in very high doses2) Use should be limited…
Published	03/11/2024	**St. John’s Wort• Modulate serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine; activate GABA, inhibit MAO• Uses: {{c1::depression, anxiety}}• Seek {{c1::m…
Published	03/11/2024	**Melatonin• Hormone produced by {{c2::pineal gland}}, is synthesized from{{c2::tryptophan}} via a {{c2::serotonin pathway}}• Uses:&nbs…
Published	03/11/2024	Valerian• Plant with >200 species grown in Europe, Asia• Uses: {{c1::insomnia, anxiety, depression}}• Seek {{c2::medical, psychologic, or psychiatr…
Published	03/11/2024	Butterbur• Native of marshy areas in northern Asia, Europe, and parts of North America• May reduce spasms in smooth muscle and vascular walls, inhibit…
Published	03/11/2024	**Saw Palmetto• Uses: treat benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH)• {{c1::Men with prostate problems should seek medical advice to rule outprostate ca…
Published	03/11/2024	Cranberry• Uses: {{c1::prevent and treat urinary tract infections (UTIs)}}• Dosing: cranberry juice is 30% pure cranberry, contains sugar• 300 – 900 m…
Published	03/11/2024	**Ginger• Uses: {{c1::n/v associated with pregnancy, motion sickness, indigestion, arthritis}}Dosing:• N/V in pregnancy: 250 mg orally QID• Motion sic…
Published	03/11/2024	**Immune Modulator – Echinacea• Uses: {{c1::prevent and treat colds and other respiratory infections}}Dosing: available in teas, extracts, juices, thr…
Published	03/11/2024	**Musculoskeletal - Glucosamine and Chondroitin• Uses: {{c1::supplements for osteoarthritis and joint health}}Dosing: take with food if nausea or…
Published	03/11/2024	Mental/Physical Enhancer – Asian Ginseng• Uses: {{c1::mental and physical stress, immune response, others}}• Dosing:• Extracts are standardized to 4% …
Published	03/12/2024	MiscellaneousCinnamon• Uses: {{c1::help lower blood glucose}}Dosing: aqueous extract may be mosteffective; ½ tsp = 1 gram• 0.5 – 1 g/day of C. cassia …
Published	03/12/2024	MiscellaneousMilk Thistle• Use: {{c1::treat liver disease, incl. hepatitis and cirrhosis}}Safety:• Avoid in pregnancy and ragweed allergy• {{c1::Cauti…
Published	03/12/2024	Terminologies and Abbreviations• Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): {{c1::Average daily level of intakesufficient to meet the nutrient requirements …
Published	03/12/2024	Which vitamins are fat soluble?{{c1::D E C A}}
Published	03/12/2024	**Types of VitaminsFat Soluble• Dissolves in fat ---> absorbed into {{c1::fat particles}} and carried throughout the bloodstream• Stored …
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin A ({{c2::Retinol, Retinoic Acid}})• {{c1::Fat soluble}}Functions:• {{c3::Vision• Growth• Cell division• Reproduction• Immunity• Antioxida…
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin A (Retinol, Retinoic Acid)• Use: {{c1::oral supplement; vitamin A also used in topical creams to reduce fine wrinkles and treat acne}}Recommen…
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin D - {{c2::Calciferol}}• {{c1::Fat}} solubleFunctions:• {{c3::Helps body absorb calcium• Build & maintain bone health• Immune hea…
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin D - Calciferol• Use: {{c1::oral supplement for those who do not have regular exposure to sunlight;improve bone health}}• Recommended Daily Dos…
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Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin E {{c3::(Tocopherol)}}• {{c1::Fat}} solubleFunctions:• {{c2::Antioxidant properties• Vision• Reproduction• Health of blood, brain, skin}}
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin E (Tocopherol)• Use: {{c1::oral supplement; few studies show may help slow disease progression in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s. Enough vi…
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin K {{c1::(Phytonadione)}}• {{c2::Fat}} solubleFunctions:• {{c3::Blood clotting}}• {{c3::Given to newborn infants to prevent bleeding}}• Us…
Published	03/12/2024	**Vitamin K (Phytonadione)• Use: {{c1::for problems with blood clotting or high bleeding risk}}• Recommended Daily Dosing:• 5 – 10 mg orally (adu…
Published	03/12/2024	Which of the following vitamins is most likely to cause toxicity in case of over-supplementation?{{c1::Vitamin D}}
Published	03/12/2024	Which of the following vitamins are water - soluble?{{c1::Vitamin B (all) and Vitamin C}}
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin B1 ({{c3::Thiamine)}}• {{c1::Water}} solubleFunctions:• {{c2::Growth, development, function of cells}}
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)• Use: oral supplementation for deficiency• Recommended Daily Dosing (Oral):• 1.2 mg for adult men, 1.1 mg for adult women• Safet…
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)• {{c1::Water}} solubleFunctions:• {{c2::Energy production• Cellular growth, function, development• Needed to metabolize carboh…
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin B2 {{c1::(Riboflavin)}}• Use: {{c2::oral supplementation for deficiency, effective for migraine prevention (fewstudies)}}• Recommended Da…
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin B3 (Niacin)• {{c1::Water}} solubleFunctions:• Food metabolism• Nervous system, digestivesystem, skin health• Cardiovascular system• …
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin B3 {{c2::(Niacin)}}• Use: {{c1::oral supplementation for deficiency; niacin is available as Rx to treat high blood cholesterol (500 …
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)• {{c1::Water}} solubleFunctions:• {{c2::Enzymatic reactions in human body• Protein, carbohydrate, lipid metabolism• Immune sys…
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin B6 {{c1::(Pyridoxine)}}• Use: {{c2::oral supplementation for deficiency; nausea/vomiting in pregnancy}}Recommended Daily Dosing (Oral):• …
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin B7 (Biotin)• {{c1::Water}} solubleFunctions:• Cofactor in metabolism of fatty acids, glucose, amino acids
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin B7 {{c2::(Biotin)}}• Use: {{c1::oral supplementation for deficiency; hair, nail, and skin health (case reports, small trials)}}Adequate I…
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)• {{c1::Water}} solubleFunctions:• Coenzyme or cosubstrate in DNA and RNA synthesis• {{c2::Important for normal fetal developme…
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)• Use: oral supplementation for deficiency;Recommended Daily Dosing (Oral):• Women of reproductive age need {{c1::400 mcg of fo…
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)• {{c1::Water}} solubleFunctions:• Red blood cell formation• Central nervous system function• DNA synthesis• Cel…
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin B12 ({{c1::Cyanocobalamin)}}• Use: oral supplementation for deficiency;Recommended Daily Dosing (Oral):• {{c2::2.4 mcg for adults, more f…
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)• {{c1::Water}} solubleFunctions:• Antioxidant• Cofactor for collagen synthesis
Published	03/12/2024	Vitamin C {{c1::(Ascorbic Acid)}}• Use: oral supplementation for deficiency; {{c2::reduces duration or severity of a cold(minimal evidence),…
Published	03/12/2024	What are the 5 elements?{{c1::Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium}}
Published	03/12/2024	CalciumFunctions:• Bone health• Heart, muscle, nerve functionUse: oral supplementation for deficiencyRecommended Daily Dosing: RDA (next slide)• Upper…
Published	03/12/2024	How much elemental calcium is in 1,250 mg of calcium carbonate?{{c1::1,250 mg x 40% = 500mg}}
Published	03/12/2024	IronFunctions:• Bone health• Heart, muscle, nerve functionUse: oral supplementation for deficiencyRecommended Daily Dosing: RDA (next slide)• 8 mg &am…
Published	03/12/2024	Magnesium- Cofactor in >300 enzyme system regulating biochemical reactions• Protein synthesis• Muscle/nerve function• Blood glucose control• Blood …
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Published	03/12/2024	Type of Opioids• Opium{{c1::: extracted from Papave somniferum (poppy plant)}}• Naturally-occurring: {{c2::morphine, codeine}}• Semi-synthetic:&n…
Published	03/12/2024	What is Fentanyl?• Cannot be seen, smelled, or tasted• {{c1::Added to other drugs to make them more powerful and addictive (heroin,methamphetamin…
Published	03/12/2024	Opioid Overdose StatisticsNational:In 2021, >106,000 drug overdose deathsOpioids: involved in {{c1::>80,000 overdose deaths in 2021 (75.4% …
Published	03/12/2024	Opioid Overdose RisksWho is at high risk of opioid overdose?• {{c1::Having history of substance abuse, dependence on prescription opioids• Using …
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Published	03/12/2024	Reversal Agents – Nasal SpraysNaloxone: {{c6::Rx and OTC}}• {{c1::OTC Narcan 4 mg}}: {{c4::FDA approved in March 2023}}• {{c2::OTC…
Published	03/12/2024	What is Naloxone?• Medication used to {{c1::reverse an opioid overdose}}• {{c2::Opioid receptor antagonist}} – binds to {{c2::opio…
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