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Kierszenbaum AL, Tres LL. Histology and cell biology: an introduction to pathology. 4th ed. Philadelphia : Elsevier, 2016. QS 504 22 Ch. 11 : “Integumentary system”. Page 353-381 Stopped @ Psoriasis (4 now) Robbins and Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier, 9eme edition, 2015, QZ 4 4 Ch. 1 : Growth Factors involved in regeneration and repair

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Published	09/12/2024	The integument is the largest organ of the body, consisting of {{c1::the Skin}} and {{c1::the Epidermal Derivatives ({{c2::Nails}}, {{c2::Hair}}, {{c2…
Published	09/12/2024	The skin has several functions:→ {{c1::Protection from Injury}}→ {{c1::Water Barrier (Preventing Dehydration)}}→ {{c1::Body Temperature Regulation}}→ …
Published	09/12/2024	The skin consists of three layers firmly attached to one another:1. {{c1::The outer epidermis, derived from {{c2::ectoderm}}}}.2. {{c1::The deeper der…
Published	09/12/2024	Skin is generally classified into {{c1::Thick Skin which is {{c2::more than 5 mm}} thick}} (Palms, Soles, Digits of hands and Feet), an…
Published	09/12/2024	Fingerprints are formed by {{c1::epidermal ridges}} seperated by {{c1::furrows}}. These {{c1::epidermal ridges}} follow the outline of an underly…
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Published	09/12/2024	The stratified squamous epithelial layer of the epidermis consists of four distinct cell types:→ {{c1::Keratinocytes are the predominant cell type, so…
Published	09/12/2024	Keratinocytes in the epidermis are arranged in five layers or strata: 1) {{c1::The stratum basale (basal cell layer)::(Deep)}}. 2) {{c1::The stra…
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Published	09/12/2024	{{c1::Melanocytes}} are the first immigrant cells to arrive in the epidermis, visible from {{c2::the 8th embryonic week}} onwards. Their cell body is …
Published	09/12/2024	{{c2::Langerhans cells}} derive from a bone marrow cell precursor and are present in the embryonic skin {{c3::4-5 weeks}} after the arrival of the mel…
Published	09/12/2024	{{c1::Merkel-Ranvier Cells}} are {{c2::neural-crest}} derived {{c2::tactile mechanoreceptors (But may also have a neuroendocrine role)}…
Published	09/12/2024	Immediately following an injury the following mechanisms are put in place DAMAGE RECOGNITION (Not precise){{c1::Transcription-Independent Diffusi…
Published	09/12/2024	The process of Wound Healing consists of 4 stages 1. {{c2::Coagulation ⇒ {{c1::Vasoconstriction}}, {{c1::Platelet clot formation & Degra…
Published	09/12/2024	During Re-epithelialisation, Keratinocytes facillitate their migration by → {{c1::Dissolving the Clot Barrier ( ↑↑ {{c2::tPA}} and/or ↑↑ {{c2::Pl…
Published	09/12/2024	Members of the epidermal growth factor family ({{c1::TGF-β}}, {{c1::EGF}}, {{c1::FGF}}, {{c1::PDGF}}, {{c1::Keratinocyte growth factor}}, {{c1::VEGF}}…
Published	09/12/2024	During Wound Healing Collagen Type {{c2::III}}: Predominant in {{c1::early wound healing (proliferation phase), provides a flexible scaffold…
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Published	09/12/2024	Retinol (Vit. {{c3::A}}) is the precursor to {{c3::Retinoic Acid}}, a hormone-like agent that {{c1::inhibits of cell differenciation}} and {{c1::stimu…
Published	09/12/2024	{{c3::Notch}} receptors function by binding to {{c2::a ligand on a distinct cell}}, which will cause {{c2::the intracellular proteolytic cleavage of t…
Published	09/12/2024	{{c1::Lrp5}}/{{c1::Lrp6 ({{c3::LDL Receptor Related Proteins 5 and 6}})}} are highly homologuous and act as co-receptors in {{c2::Wnt/Frizzled}} signa…
Published	09/12/2024	Activation of the {{c1::Wnt/Frizzled}} signaling pathway acts on {{c2::a Disheveled protein}} to {{c2::release intracellular {{c3::β-catenin}} from th…
Published	09/12/2024	Among the transcription factors that promote growth are {{c1::MYC}} and {{c1::JUN}}, while a transcription factor that triggers growth arrest is {{c1:…
Published	09/12/2024	Growth Factor activity ultimately permits the expression of genes that can → {{c1::Promote entry into the cell cycle}}→ {{c1::Relieve blocks on c…
Published	09/12/2024	{{c1::Epidermal Growth Factor}} and {{c1::TGF-α}} both belong to the {{c2::EGF}} family. They are produced by {{c2::Macrophages}} and {{c2::a variety …
Published	09/12/2024	The EGF receptor family includes 4 membrane receptors with tyrosine-kinase activity. The best characterised of them are {{c1::ERBB1 (mutation/overexpr…
Published	09/12/2024	{{c1::Hepatocyte Growth Factor}} (also {{c1::scatter factor}}) is produced (as pro-{{c1::HGF}}) by {{c2::fibroblasts}}, {{c2::most mesenchymal cells}}…
Published	09/12/2024	pro-HGF is {{c1::proteolytically}} activated by {{c1::serine proteases released at the site of injury }}
Published	09/12/2024	{{c1::MET}}, the receptor for {{c2::HGF}}, has intrinsic {{c3::tyrosine kinase}} activity (⇒ ↑↑ overexpresses/mutated in {{c3::renal}} and {{c3::thyro…
Published	09/12/2024	There are 5 isoforms of PDGF: {{c2::AA}}, {{c2::AB}}, {{c2::BB}} (which {{c1::are constitutionally active}}), {{c2::CC}} and {{c2::DD}} (which {{c1::r…
Published	09/12/2024	PDGFs are produced by {{c1::platelets}}, {{c1::activated macrophages}}, {{c1::endothelium}}, {{c1::SMC's}} and a variety of tumours. They are mitotic …
Published	09/12/2024	VEGFs include VEGF-A, B, C and D as well as PlGF (Placantal Growth Factor) and are a family of homodimeric proteinsVEGF-A → {{c1::MAJOR Angi…
Published	09/12/2024	VEGF induces angiogenesis by promoting {{c1::endothelial cell migration}}, {{c1::proliferation}}, and {{c1::formation of the vascular lumen}}. VEGFs a…
Published	09/12/2024	{{c2::Hypoxia}} is the most important inducer of VEGF production (thru the {{c1::intracellular hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1)}} pathway). Other in…
Published	09/12/2024	VEGFs bind to the tyrosine kinase receptors VEGFR-1, 2 and 3VEGFR-{{c1::2}} → {{c2::↑↑ in endothelium, very important for angiogenesis }}
Published	09/12/2024	Anti-VEGF antibodies are used for Cancers ({{c1::Renal}} and {{c1::Colon}} bc ↑↑ angiogenesis for survival) but also {{c2::several ophthalamic disease…
Published	09/12/2024	{{c1::↑↑ of sVEGFR-1 (also known as s-FLT-1)}} may cause {{c2::preeclampsia ({{c3::hypertension}} and {{c3::proteinuria}})}} by {{c2::"sopping up" the…
Published	09/12/2024	FGFs are a large (20+) family of growth factors, amongst the best characterised are {{c1::Acidic FGF (aFGF, or FGF-1)}}, {{c1::Basic FGF (bF…
Published	09/12/2024	Released FGFs will associate with {{c1::heparin sulfate}} in the ECM in order to {{c2::act as a reservoir that can subsequently be released by proteol…
Published	09/12/2024	FGFs transduce signals through their 4 tyrosine kinase receptors (FGFR1-4) in order to contribute to {{c1::wound healing}}, {{c1::hematopoisesis}} and…
Published	09/12/2024	{{c2::An Exudate}} is an extravascular fluid that {{c3::has high protein concentration}} and contains {{c3::cellular debrits (⇒ {{c1::↑↑ BV Permeabili…
Published	09/12/2024	{{c3::TGF-β1}} is secreted as a precursor by {{c1::platelets}}, {{c1::endothelium}}, {{c1::mononuclear inflamatory cells}}, ... . Primarily, it drives…
Published	09/12/2024	TGF-β, as a pleiotropic agent, has many functions, but the most consequent of these are detailed below→ Stimulates the production of {{c1::collagen}},…
Published	09/12/2024	The two TGF-βRs (I and II) have a {{c3::serine}}/{{c3::threonine}} kinase activity and induce {{c1::the (downstream) phosphorylation of cytoplasmic TF…
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Published	09/12/2024	Cirrhosis of the liver and some forms of fibrosis of the lungs are thought to result from fibrotic responses to toxin-mediated injury. Interestingly, …
Published	09/12/2024	Wound repair in amphibians has been the focus of recent excitement because of the relatively close relationship between these organisms and mammals an…
Published	09/12/2024	When the spinal cord of mice is injured, neurons begin to grow, but glial cells at the site of injury stimulate scar formation, preventing recovery. H…
Published	09/12/2024	the importance of neutrophils and macrophages in wound repair is incompletely understood. Recent data suggest, however, that a deficiency in either ce…
Published	09/12/2024	{{c1::Eschar}} is {{c2::a type of necrotic tissue that can develop on severe wounds. It is typically {{c3::dry}}, {{c3::black}},&n…
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