Notes in IB 702 Exam 1 pollEV

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Published	05/10/2024	If an electrode is placed inside a randomly chosen brain neuron, what will be the measured resting membrane potential (in mV)?
Published	05/10/2024	Which ion contributes most to the resting membrane potential?A. Na+B. K+C. Ca2+D. Cl-
Published	05/10/2024	Which protein contributes most to the resting membrane potential?A. Na/K-ATPaseB. K-channelsC. Na-channelsD. Ca-channelsC. Cl-channels
Published	05/10/2024	A nerve cell, muscle cell, and fibroblast sit near one another, and are bathed in precisely the same extracellular fluid. Their measured membrane pote…
Published	05/10/2024	Which of the following can be measured with an intracellular electrode?A. The Nernst equilibriumm potential for Na+B. The Nernst equilibrium potential…
Published	05/10/2024	The membrane potential is never equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium becauseA. the electrogenic Na/K-ATPase contributes about 10% of the m…
Published	05/10/2024	7. The Goldman (Hodgkin-Katz) Equation can be used to account for changes in all EXCEPT one of the following. Which one is the EXCEPTION?A. chloride's…
Published	05/10/2024	In which case, do we expect a STABLE permeability ratio (PNa / PK) between sodium and potassium?A. generator potentialB. synaptic potentialC. end-plat…
Published	05/10/2024	1. All the following are "passive" potentials EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?A. synaptic potentialB. generator potentialC. resting potentialD.…
Published	05/10/2024	All the following are characteristics of passive potentials EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?A. size is proportional to stimulus sizeB. size dec…
Published	05/10/2024	Threshold is reached when . . .A.the stimulus is strongB. potassium leak current exceeds the sodium generator currentC. sodium current equals the pota…
Published	05/10/2024	Potassium permeability is greatest . . .A.at the action potential peakB. after the action potential peakC. early in the action potentialD. at the rest…
Published	05/10/2024	Sodium permeability is greatest . . .A. at the resting potentialB. at the action potential peakC. at thresholdD. after the action potential peakE.earl…
Published	05/10/2024	In a typical neuronal cell body with excitatory and inhibitory inputs, which is the ion with the most negative reversal potential?A. sodiumB. potassiu…
Published	05/10/2024	Which part of the action potential waveform is determined uniquely by the sodium reversal potential?A. the resting potentialB. the threshold potential…
Published	05/10/2024	An inhibitory, but non-blocking, concentration of local anesthetic will have which effect on the action potential?A.Threshold will be increasedB. The …
Published	05/10/2024	If a depolarizing "square wave" pulse is applied to a passive membrane, then we expect which?A. The measured membrane potential to mirror the square-w…
Published	05/10/2024	If a depolarizing square wave pulse is applied to a passive membrane, then we expect which of the following?A. The measure membrane potential is same …
Published	05/10/2024	Which increases as you move back from the axon hillock to the neuron cell body?A. diameterB. length constantC. time constantD. Both A and BNeuronal ce…
Published	05/10/2024	Which is true about the hundreds of synaptic inputs to a neuronal cell body?A. All inputs are of equal influence.B. Inputs close to the axon hillock h…
Published	05/10/2024	Identify the axon with the SLOWEST conduction velocity (point and click).
Published	05/10/2024	Identify the axon with the largest length constant (point and click).
Published	05/10/2024	Identify the axon with the smallest membrane resistance and the largest capacitance (point and click).
Published	05/10/2024	Identify the axon with the most uniform distribution of sodium channels (point and click).
Published	05/10/2024	Which synaptic connection seems most likely to produce a suprathreshold depolarization in response to a single presynaptic action potential?A. neuron …
Published	05/10/2024	Which order of dimensions is correct (largest to smallest)A. synaptic vesicle diameter → chemical synaptic space → electrical synaptic spaceCleft = 20…
Published	05/10/2024	what substances are used as transmitters at chemical synapses? Broad categories and specific chemicals will be of interest. (Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	List the mechanisms by which chemical neurotransmission is terminated. (Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	List mechanisms by which chemical neurotransmitters are released? (Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	All the following are synthesized in the presynaptic nerve terminal EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?A. carbon monoxideB. norepinephrineC. Subst…
Published	05/10/2024	Activation of which may be expected to DECREASE neurotransmitter release?A. voltage-gated calcium channelB. voltage-gated potassium channelC. ligand-g…
Published	05/10/2024	Name structures that are "aligned" on the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. (Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	SNAREs are critical elements of which?A. presynaptic calcium entryB. postsynaptic receptor activationC. vesicular transmitter releaseD. non-vesicular …
Published	05/10/2024	List different summation scenarios for graded potentials?(Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	Which neurotransmitter do we associate most closely with the long-term potentiation that attends learning and memory and pain sensitization? (Short An…
Published	05/10/2024	What KEY words should come up in discussion of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?(Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	Which is part of the neuromuscular junction?A. alpha-motor neuronB. gamma-motor neuronC. troponin CD. nicotinic ACh receptorThe NMJ is the interface w…
Published	05/10/2024	List some classical ligands that bind to the active site of the ACh receptor at the NMJ. (Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	Which is associated most closely with the term, quantum?A.EPPB. MEPP-EPP and MEPP are associated with nicotinic ACh receptors, while AP are associated…
Published	05/10/2024	What magnitude of postsynaptic depolarization is most frequently observed when the NMJ is bathed in low Ca2+ and high Mg2+?A. 0 mVThe most “frequently…
Published	05/10/2024	Capacitance flickering is associated with which? You can respond onceA. synaptic vesicle docking-undockingB. fusion pore assembly-disassemblyC. lipid …
Published	05/10/2024	Which is not cleaved by the zinc protease activity of the various botulinum neurotoxins?A. nicotinic AChRB. v-SNAREsD. t-SNAREsC. synaptobrevinD. SNAP…
Published	05/10/2024	What KEY words or concepts come to mind when you think about skeletal muscle?(Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK) regulates muscle contraction in which?A.Skeletal MuscleB. Cardiac MuscleC. Smooth MuscleIn striated muscles (skeletal…
Published	05/10/2024	What are important players and events in the rise and fall of myoplasmic calcium?(Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the short-term and longer-term energy sources for skeletal muscle contraction?(Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	Factors that regulate the force of muscle contraction include? (Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	List important ion channels that play a role in NMJ and EC-coupling?
Published	05/10/2024	Which is the LEAST likely exercise-induced interconversion of muscle fiber type?A. type I to type IIaB. type IIa to type IIxGenetically born with Type…
Published	05/10/2024	The elderly are weak and clumsy because?A. their motor units are smallerB. they have fewer myofibrilsC. their motor units are largerD. Both A and BE. …
Published	05/10/2024	What accounts for the fact that the NMJ is a 1:1 Synapse? (Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	How does myasthenia gravis reduce the "Safety Factor" at the NMJ? (Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the molecular targets of botulism, myasthenia gravis, malignant hyperthermia, and creatine supplements? (Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	Binding sites are not receptors. Which criteria are met by physiological receptors? (Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	Keywords and concepts that surround the concept of drug potency? (Short Answer)
Published	05/10/2024	Does the OCCUPANCY ASSUMPTION apply to ACh responses at the NMJ?A. YESB. NO
Published	05/10/2024	Non-competitive receptor antagonists shift the agonist dose-response curve in which manner?A. rightwardB. downwardC. leftwardD. upward
Published	05/10/2024	The action of which one is observed only for signals with a non-zero baseline?A. agonistsB. partial agonistsC. inverse agonistsD. Antagonists
Published	05/10/2024	Cholinesterase inhibitors can decrease the effects of which?A. d-tubocurarineB. pancuroniumC. myasthenia gravisD. all of the aboveE.none of the above
Published	05/10/2024	The myasthenia gravis patient copes best with which kind of motor neuron stimulation?A. high frequencyB. low frequency
Published	05/10/2024	What effect will physostigmine have?A. increase AChR desensitizationB. increase AChR open-state probabilityC. increase EPP sizeD. All of the aboveE.No…
Published	05/10/2024	Which anti-AChE has the shortest duration of action?A. edrophoniumB. physostigmineC. neostigmineD. disopropylfluorophosphateE. soman
Published	05/10/2024	Which agent is used prophylactically ahead of potential organophosphorous nerve agent exposure?A. edrophoniumB. DFPC. 2-PAMD. Pyridostigmine
Published	05/10/2024	Which is employed as an post-exposure antidote to organophosphorus nerve agents?A. atropineB. 2-PAMC. pyridostigmineD. Both A and BE.Both B and C
Published	05/10/2024	Edrophonium improves strength in myasthenia gravis if which?A. The disease has progressedB. there is physostigmine overdose
Published	05/10/2024	Which is CORRECT about the parasympathetic nervous systemA. preganglionic fibers emerge from the spinal cord at the thoracic and lumbar regions SNSB. …
Published	05/10/2024	Inhibition of which (click #) will INCREASE secretion of a watery saliva?
Published	05/10/2024	Activation of which can INCREASE the release of both NE and ACh at end-organ synapses?
Published	05/10/2024	Atropine actions are A. SLUDEB. anti-SLUDE
Published	05/10/2024	Physostigmine actions are . . .A. SLUDEB. Anti-SLUDE
Published	05/10/2024	Does ACh act by the same mechanism in every tissue?A. YESB. NO
Published	05/10/2024	Which is expected to INCREASE desensitization of the nicotinic receptor?A. inactivityB. succinylcholineC. physostigmineD. Both A and BE. Both B and C
Published	05/10/2024	Which will cause DEPOLARIZING neuromuscular blockade?A. organophosphorous nerve agentsB. succinylcholineC. curare this causes the NON depolarizing blo…
Published	05/10/2024	Does epinephrine constrict arterioles in all vascular beds?A. YESB. NO
Published	05/10/2024	Which tissues have ONLY sympathetic inervation (no parasympathetic)?A. bronchiole smooth muscleB. vascular smooth muscleC. adrenal medullary chromaffi…
Published	05/10/2024	ASTHMA and ANGINA (chest pains) are a classical disease pair. An INCREASE in sympathetic tone does which?A. aggravates anginaB. increases myocardial o…
Published	05/10/2024	The liver's compensation for a slight overdose of anti-diabetic medication involves which?A. beta-1 adrenergic receptorsB. alpha-1 adrenergic receptor…
Published	05/10/2024	Is the DESENSITIZATION MECHANISM the same in beta-adrenergic versus nicotinic AChRs?A. YESB. NO
Published	05/10/2024	Which adrenergic receptor is involved in PRESYNAPTIC AUTOREGULATION of norepinephrine release?A. alpha-1B. alpha-2C. beta-1D. beta-2E.Beta-3
Published	05/10/2024	The EPINEPHRINE REVERSAL is a classical observation in autonomic regulation of blood pressure. Blockade of which receptor sets the stage for "the reve…
Published	05/10/2024	Which are INDIRECT SYMPATHOMIMETICS?A. MAO inhibitorsB. TyramineC. COMT inhibitorsD. Biogenic amine reuptake inhibitorsE. All of the aboveF. None of t…
Published	05/10/2024	Ways you can accomplish Indirect Sympathomimetics:
Published	05/10/2024	Why does Mr. X recover muscle strength after a period of rest?A. Due to the action of autoantibodies Mr. X lacks spare receptors.B. Endogenous ACh rel…
Published	05/10/2024	Why are the symptoms of tubocurarine poisoning similar to those of myasthenia gravis?A. Both create choline deficiency in the presynaptic terminal.B. …
Published	05/10/2024	How did physostigmine improve symptoms in Dr. Walker’s patients?A. It decreases fractional occupancy of the nicotinic receptor. B. It decreases the sy…
Published	05/10/2024	Physostigmine is LEAST appropriate in which of the following circumstances?A. Botulinum poisoningB. Tubocurare poisoningC. Organophosphate poisoningD.…
Published	05/10/2024	Which may be expected to INCREASE the negative impact nAChR desensitization at moderate workloads?A. autoantibodies against nAChRB. a period of muscle…
Published	05/10/2024	Which neurotransmitter is synthesized by a fundamentally different mechanism and in a different location than the other listed transmitters? A. Dopami…
Published	05/10/2024	The resting potential provides the energy necessary for electrical signaling in the nervous system. Identify the statement that accurately describes t…
Published	05/10/2024	Action potentials are the mechanism that enables neurons to signal over great distances and with great speed. Which statement correctly describes a fe…
Published	05/10/2024	The speed of action potential conduction (i.e. conduction velocity, CV) is dependent upon a number of properties. Identify the statement describing a …
Published	05/10/2024	Why does Mr. X recover muscle strength after a period of rest?A.Due to action of autoantibodies Mr. X lacks spare receptors.B.Endogenous ACh release d…
Published	05/10/2024	Why are the symptoms of tubocurare poisoning similar to those of myasthenia gravis?A.Both create choline deficiency in the presynaptic terminal.B.Both…
Published	05/10/2024	How did physostigmine improve symptoms in Dr. Walker's patients?A.It decreases fractional occupancy of the nicotinic receptor.B.It decreases the synap…
Published	05/10/2024	all slow twitch, fatigue resistant muscle fibers display which of the following features? A. the muscle fibers have a small motor unit size B. primari…
Published	05/10/2024	The autonomic nervous system regulates homeostasis. Which statement correctly describes its function? A. parasympathetic tone regulates basal heart ra…
Published	05/10/2024	Identify a target tissue that is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system but not the parasympathetic nervous system?A. liver B. alimentary tractC…
Published	05/10/2024	Local anesthetics work by blocking the generation of action potentials in the region where the agent is applied(its action is local). Which of the fol…
Published	05/10/2024	A motor neuron will have a resting potential that is >10 mV more positive than the muscle fiber that it innervates. Which of the following statemen…
Published	05/10/2024	Identify the incorrect statement regarding muscle mechanics A. All muscle fibers in a given muscle are activated at the same time B.&nb…
Published	05/10/2024	In striated muscle, each actin-myosin cross-bridge cycle A. Moves the actin and myosin filaments by about 10 nm (nanometers) B. Mo…
Published	05/10/2024	Which is expected to exert a stimulatory effect at BOTH the neuromuscular junction and the paravertebral ganglia? A. Nicotine B. A…
Published	05/10/2024	Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles. In MG the patient develops an autoi…
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