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Notes in PTH.S1.L11.Bones, Joints, and Soft Tissue Tumors

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Published 10/21/2024 Rheumatoid Arthritis MorphologyTypically affects {{c1::small}} joints of the hands and feet
Published 10/21/2024 Rheumatoid Arthritis MorphologyThe {{c1::synovium}} becomes grossly edematous, thickened
Published 10/21/2024 Rheumatoid Arthritis MorphologyHistologic Featuressynovial cell {{c1::hyperplasia and proliferation }}dense inflammatory {{c1::infiltrates}}{{c1:…
Published 10/21/2024 Rheumatoid Arthritis Morphologyproduces {{c1::PANNUS}} a mass of edematous synovium, inflammatory cells, granulation tissue, and fibroblasts that…
Published 10/21/2024 Rheumatoid Arthritis MorphologyPannus bridges the apposing bones to form a {{c1::fibrous ankylosis}}, which eventually ossifies and results in bone fu…
Published 10/23/2024 Rheumatoid Arthritis Morphology{{c1::Rheumatoid nodules }}these are infrequent manifestations of RAoccurs in: {{c2::subcutaneous tissue}} of the …
Published 10/21/2024 Rheumatoid Arthritis Morphology{{c2::Rheumatoid nodules }}microscopically: resembles {{c1::necrotizing granulomas}} with a central zone of fibrin…
Published 10/21/2024 How is rheumatoid arthritis distinguished from other forms of polyarticular inflammatory arthritis serologically?
Published 10/21/2024 How is rheumatoid arthritis distinguished from other forms of polyarticular inflammatory arthritis radiologically?
Published 10/23/2024 {{c1::FALSE::True or false}}: Rheumatoid arthritis start with specific signs and symptoms and joint involvement develops after weeks to months
Published 10/21/2024 Rheumatoid Arthritis Pattern of Joint involvement: {{c1::Symmetrical::Symmetrical or Asymmetrical}}Affects {{c1::small joints before larger ones:…
Published 10/21/2024 Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms develop in the hands and feet Hands: {{c1::MCP and PIP::which two}} joints
Published 10/21/2024 Infectious Arthritis{{c1::True::True or False}}: Microorganisms of all types can seed joints during hematogenous dissemination
Published 10/21/2024 Infectious ArthritisArticular structures can also become infected by {{c1::direct inoculation or contiguous spread}} from a soft tissue abscess or foc…
Published 10/21/2024 Infectious ArthritisWhat characteristic of cartilage makes joint destruction more rapid, thus resulting in permanent deformities?
Published 10/21/2024 Suppurative Arthritis Causative agent: {{c1::H.influenzae}} : < 2 years of age {{c1::S. aureus}}: in older children and ad…
Published 10/21/2024 Examples of infectious arthritis:{{c1::Suppurative Mycobacterial ViralLime::give 4}}
Published 10/21/2024 Crystal Induced ArthritisGoutmarked by transient attacks of acute arthritis initiated by {{c1::monosodium urate (MSU)}} crystals deposited within and …
Published 10/21/2024 Pathogenesis of Gout{{c1::Hyperuricemia}} (plasma urate > {{c1::6.8}} mg/dL) is necessary, but not sufficient for development of gout
Published 10/21/2024 Pathogenesis of GoutAsymptomatic hyperuricemia appears around {{c1::puberty}} in males and {{c1::after menopause}} in females 
Published 10/21/2024 Pathogenesis of GoutIn primary gout, hyperuricemia is usually due to {{c1::reduced excretion}}
Published 10/21/2024 Pathogenesis of GoutInflammation is triggered by precipitation of monosodium urate crystals into the joints, which result in the {{c1::production of c…
Published 10/21/2024 Pathogenesis of GoutRepeated attacks of acute arthritis lead eventually to the formation of {{c1::tophi}}
Published 10/21/2024 Osteoarthritis: morphologyEarly OA{{c1::Chondrocytes}} proliferate and form clustersMatrix water content {{c1::↑}}Proteoglycan conce…
Published 10/21/2024 Osteoarthritis: morphologyEarly OAHorizontally arranged collagen type {{c1::II}} fibers in the {{c1::superficial}} zone are cleavedResult in&nbs…
Published 10/21/2024 Osteoarthritis: morphologyAs chondrocytes die, full-thickness portions of cartilage are sloughed into the {{c1::joint}}, forming loose bodiesExposed…
Published 10/21/2024 Osteoarthritis: morphologyUnderlying articular bone undergoes {{c1::rebuttressing}} and {{c1::sclerosis}}, and develops small fractures, creati…
Published 10/21/2024 Osteoarthritis: morphologyAs the loculated fluid collection increases in size, fibrous-walled {{c1::cysts}} form{{c1::Mushroom}}-shaped bo…
Published 10/21/2024 Osteoarthritis: clinical featuresIndividuals with primary osteoarthritis are usually asymptomatic until they are in their {{c1::50s}}Secondary OA…
Published 10/21/2024 Osteoarthritis: clinical featuresTypically, only one or a few joints are involvedCommon joints: {{c1::hips}},{{c1::knees}}, lower …
Published 10/23/2024 Osteoarthritis: clinical features{{c1::Heberden nodes}}Prominent {{c2::osteophytes}} at the {{c2::distal interphalangeal joints (D…
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)}}A chronic autoimmune disorder that principally attacks the {{c2::joints}}, producing a {{c1::nonsuppurative:: suppu…
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)}}Progresses to articular cartilage destruction and, in some cases, joint fusion (aka {{c1::ankylosis}})Extraarticu…
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)}}The incidence peaks in the {{c2::2nd-4th}} decades3x more common in {{c2::women}} than in {{c2::men}}
Published 10/21/2024 Rheumatoid arthritis:PathogenesisThe autoimmune response in RA is initiated by {{c1::CD4+ helper T cells}}As in other autoimmune diseases, {{…
Published 10/21/2024 Rheumatoid arthritis:PathogenesisThe activated {{c1::CD4+ T cells}} release inflammatory mediators:{{c2::IFN-y}} from {{c1::Th1}} cells,…
Published 10/21/2024 Rheumatoid arthritis:PathogenesisThe synovium often contains {{c1::germinal}} centers with {{c1::secondary}} follicles and abundant {{c1::pl…
Published 10/23/2024 Rheumatoid arthritis:PathogenesisSome plasma cells produce autoantibodies that are specific for {{c1::citrullinated peptides (CCPs)}}{{…
Published 10/21/2024 prominent osteophytes at the DIPcommon in women
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5113:top=.1385:width=.2867:height=.039:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5847:top=.2002:width=.1766:height=.0303…
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Liposarcoma}}Malignant tumor of the {{c2::adipose tissue}}Most common sarcoma of {{c2::adulthood}}
Published 10/21/2024 LiposarcomaTypes{{c1::Well-differentiated}} liposarcoma{{c1::Myxoid}} liposarcoma{{c1::Pleomorphic}} liposarcoma
Published 10/21/2024 LiposarcomaPathogenesis{{c1::Well-differentiated liposarcoma::what type of liposarcoma?}} Harbor amplifications of chromosome region 12q13-q15, w…
Published 10/21/2024 LiposarcomaPathogenesis{{c1::Myxoid liposarcoma::what type of liposarcoma?}} A fusion gene generated by a {{c2::t(12;16) translocation}}&nbs…
Published 10/21/2024 LiposarcomaPathogenesis{{c1::Pleomorphic liposarcoma::what type of liposarcoma?}} Complex karyotypes {{c2::without::with or without}} reprod…
Published 10/21/2024 LiposarcomaMorphology{{c1::Well-differentiated liposarcoma::what type of liposarcoma?}} Composed of {{c2::mature::mature or immature}} adipo…
Published 10/21/2024 LiposarcomaMorphology{{c1::Myxoid liposarcoma::what type of liposarcoma?}} Abundant {{c2::basophilic::acidophilic or basophilic}} ECM, arbor…
Published 10/21/2024 LiposarcomaMorphology{{c1::Pleomorphic liposarcomas::what type of liposarcoma?}} Sheets of anaplastic cells with bizarre nuclei admixed with vari…
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Skeletal muscle tumors}}In contrast to tumors of other cell types, {{c1::skeletal muscle neoplasms}} are almost all {{c2::malignant::m…
Published 10/21/2024 Skeletal muscle tumors{{c1::Rhabdomyosarcoma::what type of skeletal muscle tumor?}}A {{c2::malignant::malignant or benign}} mesenchymal tumo…
Published 10/21/2024 Skeletal muscle tumorsRhabdomyosarcoma{{c1::Alveolar::identify}}{{c1::Embryonal::the}}{{c1::Pleomorphic::four}}{{c1::Spindle cell/sclerosing::subtypes…
Published 10/21/2024 Skeletal muscle tumorsRhabdomyosarcoma{{c1::Alveolar::what subtype?}}Common in childhood and adolescence ({{c2::20}}%)
Published 10/21/2024 Skeletal muscle tumorsRhabdomyosarcoma{{c1::Embryonal::what subtype?}}Common in childhood and adolescence ({{c2::50}}%)
Published 10/21/2024 Skeletal muscle tumorsRhabdomyosarcoma{{c1::Pleomorphic::what subtype?}}Occurs in {{c2::adults}}
Published 10/21/2024 Skeletal muscle tumorsRhabdomyosarcoma{{c1::Spindle cell/scleosis::what subtype?}}Affects {{c2::all ages}}
Published 10/21/2024 Skeletal muscle tumorsMorphology of Rhabdomyosarcoma{{c1::Embryonal::what subtype?}}The tumor cells recapitulate skeletal muscle at various stages of …
Published 10/21/2024 Skeletal muscle tumorsMorphology of Rhabdomyosarcoma{{c1::Alveolar::what subtype?}}Traversed by a network of {{c2::fibrous septae}} that div…
Published 10/21/2024 Skeletal muscle tumorsMorphology of Rhabdomyosarcoma{{c1::Pleomorphic::what subtype?}}Composed of large, sometimes multinucleated, bizarre {{c2::…
Published 10/21/2024 Skeletal muscle tumorsMorphology of Rhabdomyosarcoma{{c1::Spindle cell/sclerosing::what subtype?}}Consist of fusiform cells with vesicular chroma…
Published 10/21/2024 Smooth muscle tumors{{c1::Leiomyoma}}{{c2::Benign::Benign or Malignant}} tumor of smooth muscleOften arise in the {{c2::uterus}} and are the…
Published 10/21/2024 Smooth muscle tumorsMorphology {{c1::Leiomyoma::what type of smooth muscle tumor?}}Composed of fascicles of densely {{c2::eosinophilic::eosinophi…
Published 10/21/2024 Smooth muscle tumorsMorphology {{c1::Leiomyoma::what type of smooth muscle tumor?}}Consist of {{c2::eosinophilic::eosinophilic or basophilic}}&nb…
Published 10/21/2024 Smooth muscle tumors{{c1::Leiomyoma::what type of smooth muscle tumor?}}A particularly deadly form arises from the {{c2::great vessels}}, often the&nb…
Published 10/23/2024 Distinctive patterns of gout{{c1::Acute arthritis}}Dense neutrophilic infiltrate that permeates the synovium and synovial fluid{{c2::Needle-shaped}} u…
Published 10/21/2024 Distinctive patterns of goutAcute arthritisDense neutrophilic infiltrate that permeates the {{c1::synovium and synovial fluid}}Needle-shaped urat…
Published 10/21/2024 Distinctive patterns of goutAcute arthritisDense neutrophilic infiltrate that permeates the synovium and synovial fluidNeedle-shaped {{c1::urate …
Published 10/21/2024 Distinctive patterns of gout{{c1::Chronic tophaceous arthritis}}Evolves from repetitive precipitation of urate crystals during acute attacks
Published 10/21/2024 Distinctive patterns of goutChronic tophaceous arthritisEvolves from {{c1::repetitive precipitation}} of urate crystals during acute attacks
Published 10/21/2024 Distinctive patterns of gout{{c1::Accumulation of tophi}}Tophi are the pathognomonic hallmark of goutFormed by large aggregations of urate crystals su…
Published 10/21/2024 Distinctive patterns of goutAccumulation of tophi{{c1::Tophi }}are the pathognomonic hallmark of goutFormed by large aggregations of urate crysta…
Published 10/21/2024 Distinctive patterns of goutAccumulation of tophiTophi are the pathognomonic hallmark of goutFormed by {{c1::large aggregations of urate crystals…
Published 10/21/2024 Distinctive patterns of gout{{c1::Urate (gouty) nephropathy}}Renal complications caused by urate crystals or tophi in the renal medullary interstitium…
Published 10/21/2024 Distinctive patterns of goutUrate (gouty) nephropathyRenal complications caused by urate crystals or tophi in the {{c1::renal medullary interstit…
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Gout}}: Clinical FeaturesInitially presents as acute arthritis with sudden-onset, excruciating joint pain, localized hyperemia and warmth, and, …
Published 10/21/2024 Gout: Clinical FeaturesInitially presents as acute arthritis with {{c1::sudden-onset, excruciating joint pain, localized hyperemia and warmth, an…
Published 10/21/2024 Gout: Clinical FeaturesInitially presents as acute arthritis with sudden-onset, excruciating joint pain, localized hyperemia and warmth, and, occ…
Published 10/21/2024 Gout: Clinical FeaturesInitially presents as acute arthritis with sudden-onset, excruciating joint pain, localized hyperemia and warmth, and, occ…
Published 10/21/2024 Gout: Clinical FeaturesInitially presents as acute arthritis with sudden-onset, excruciating joint pain, localized hyperemia and warmth, and, occ…
Published 10/21/2024 Gout: Clinical Features{{c1::Chronic tophaceous gout}}Develops about 10 years after the initial acute attackCharacterized by juxta-articular bone eros…
Published 10/21/2024 Gout: Clinical FeaturesChronic tophaceous goutDevelops about {{c1::10 years}} after the initial acute attackCharacterized by juxta-arti…
Published 10/21/2024 Gout: Clinical FeaturesChronic tophaceous goutDevelops about 10 years after the initial acute attackCharacterized by {{c1::juxta-articu…
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease (pseudogout)}}Usually occurs in individuals > 50 years of ageDivided into sporadic (idiopath…
Published 10/21/2024 Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease (pseudogout)Usually occurs in individuals {{c1::> 50}} years of ageDivided into spo…
Published 10/21/2024 Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease (pseudogout)Usually occurs in individuals > 50 years of ageDivided into {{c1::spora…
Published 10/21/2024 Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease (pseudogout)Usually occurs in individuals > 50 years of ageDivided into sporadic (i…
Published 10/21/2024 Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease (pseudogout)PathogenesisStudies suggest that degradation of articular cartilage proteoglycans, which …
Published 10/21/2024 Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease (pseudogout)PathogenesisStudies suggest that degradation of articular cartilage proteoglycans, which …
Published 10/21/2024 Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease (pseudogout)MorphologyCrystals form chalky, white friable deposits, which are seen histologically in …
Published 10/21/2024 Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease (pseudogout)MorphologyCrystals form chalky, white friable deposits, which are seen histologically in …
Published 10/21/2024 Soft tissue tumorsBy convention, soft tissue refers to {{c1::non-epithelial tissue}} excluding the skeleton, joints, central nervous system, an…
Published 10/21/2024 Soft tissue tumorsPathogenesisMost sarcomas are {{c1::sporadic}}Some are associated with germline mutations in tumor suppressor genes that …
Published 10/23/2024 Soft tissue tumorsPathogenesisMost sarcomas are sporadicSome are associated with germline mutations in tumor suppressor genes tha…
Published 10/21/2024 Soft tissue tumorsUnlike carcinomas and certain hematologic malignancies, which often arise from well-recognized precursor lesions, sarcoma precurso…
Published 10/23/2024 Soft tissue tumorsPathologic classification integrates {{c1::morphology}} (e.g., muscle differentiation), {{c1::immunohistochemistry}…
Published 10/21/2024 LipomaA benign tumor of {{c1::fat}}The most common soft tissue tumor in adultsMorphology: Well-encapsulated mass of mature adipocytes
Published 10/21/2024 LipomaA benign tumor of fatThe most common {{c1::soft tissue tumor}} in adultsMorphology: Well-encapsulated mass of mature adipocy…
Published 10/21/2024 LipomaA benign tumor of fatThe most common soft tissue tumor in adultsMorphology: Well-encapsulated mass of mature {{c1::adipocyte…
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.014:top=.9286:width=.4316:height=.053:oi=1}}
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Lipoma}}
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Cartilage forming}} tumors - account for the majority of benign and malignant primary bone tumors.  - Characterized by the formation of {{c…
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2786:top=.8162:width=.1071:height=.0529:oi=1}}
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2728:top=.6945:width=.1114:height=.1006:oi=1}}
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2713:top=.5569:width=.1216:height=.0635:oi=1}}
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2713:top=.4193:width=.0897:height=.0847:oi=1}}
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2742:top=.287:width=.1259:height=.0582:oi=1}}
Published 10/21/2024 {{C1::Osteochondroma}} (exostosis)The most common benign bone tumorAttached to the skeleton by a {{c2::bony stalk capped by cartilage}}{{c2::85%::%}} …
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Osteochondroma}} (exostosis)The most common benign bone tumorAttached to the skeleton by a {{c2::bony stalk capped by cartilage}}{{c2::85%::%}} …
Published 10/23/2024 {{c1::Osteochondroma}} (exostosis)M{{c2::>::/>}}FDevelop only in bones of endochondral originMost common site -> {{c3::metaphysis}} near the …
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Osteochondroma}} (exostosis)M{{c2::>::</>}}FDevelop only in bones of endochondral originMost common site -> {{c3::metaphysis}} near …
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Chondroma}}A benign tumor of {{c2::hyaline cartilage}} that occurs in bones of endochondral originThe most common {{c2::intraosseous cartilage}}…
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Enchondroma}}Chrondomas that arise within the medullary cavity
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Enchondroma}}Chrondomas that arise within the {{c2::medullary cavity}}
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Juxtacortical}} chondromaChondromas that arise on the {{c2::bone surface}}
Published 10/21/2024 Non-hereditary multiple enchondromas{{c2::Ollier disease}}{{c1::Maffuci syndrome}}: enchondromas + spindle cell hemangiomas, etc.
Published 10/23/2024 ChondromaPathogenesisHeterozygous mutations in the {{c1::IDH1 and IDH2::2}} genesRadiographsCircumscribed lucency with central irregular {{c2::calcifi…
Published 10/23/2024 {{c1::Chondrosarcoma}}Malignant cartilage-producing tumorsAfter osteosarcoma, it is the {{c2::second}} most common malignant matrix-producing tumor of…
Published 10/23/2024 {{c1::Chondrosarcoma}}Patients are usually in their {{c2::40s::age}} or olderMen are affected {{c2::twice}} as frequently as womenCommonly arise in th…
Published 10/21/2024 ChondrosarcomaGenetic mutations{{c1::EXT}} gene: sarcomas arising in multiple osteochondroma syndrome{{c2::IDH1, IDH2}}: both chondromatosis-related a…
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Chondrosarcoma}}Gross appearanceLarge bulky tumors made up of nodules of glistening {{c2::gray-white::color), translucent cartilageThe matrix is…
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Chondrosarcoma}}Gross appearanceLarge bulky tumors made up of nodules of glistening {{c2::gray-white}}, translucent cartilageThe matrix is often…
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Chondrosarcoma}}Gross appearanceLarge bulky tumors made up of nodules of glistening {{c2::gray-white}}, translucent cartilageThe matrix is often…
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Chondrosarcoma}}Gross appearanceLarge bulky tumors made up of nodules of glistening {{c2::gray-white::color}}, translucent cartilageThe matrix i…
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Chondrosarcoma}}Microscopic appearanceNeoplastic cartilage infiltrates the marrow space and surrounds preexisting bony trabeculae
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma}}Low-grade chondrosarcoma with a second, high-grade component that does not produce cartilage
Published 10/21/2024 Which of the following is NOT a primary function of bone? Mechanical supportForce transmissionTemperature regulationInternal organ protection
Published 10/21/2024 What process occurs in bone and serves as a major site for blood cell formation?Mineral homeostasisHematopoiesisBone remodelingCalcium storage
Published 10/21/2024 What component of bone is responsible for providing structural strength?OsteoblastsExtracellular matrixHematopoietic stem cellsOsteoclasts
Published 10/21/2024 Bone plays a crucial role in maintaining which of the following physiological balances?Protein metabolismGlucose homeostasisMineral homeostasisFluid b…
Published 10/21/2024 Which cells in bone are responsible for breaking down bone tissue during remodeling?OsteoblastsChondrocytesOsteocytesOsteoclasts
Published 10/21/2024 What is the primary component of the extracellular matrix of bone?OsteoidHydroxyapatiteCalcium phosphateChondroitin sulfate
Published 10/21/2024 What percentage of the bone matrix is made up of minerals?35%50%65%99%
Published 10/21/2024 Which mineral serves as the main component of the bone matrix?Calcium carbonateHydroxyapatiteSodium phosphateMagnesium sulfate
Published 10/21/2024 How much calcium is stored in the bone matrix?85%90%99%100%
Published 10/21/2024 What type of collagen is primarily found in the osteoid of the bone matrix?Type II collagenType III collagenType I collagenType IV collagen
Published 10/21/2024 Which proteins produced by osteoblasts are involved in regulating bone formation and mineralization?Albumin and globulinOsteopontin and osteocalcinCol…
Published 10/21/2024 Serum levels of which markers are used to assess osteoblast activity?Calcium and phosphateOsteocalcin and osteopontinAlkaline phosphatase and creatine…
Published 10/21/2024 Which of the following types of bone is characterized by a haphazard arrangement of collagen fibers?Lamellar boneCortical boneWoven boneTrabecular bon…
Published 10/21/2024 When is woven bone typically produced?During regular growthDuring fracture repair or fetal developmentAs a response to mechanical stressIn cases of ch…
Published 10/21/2024 What is a key feature that distinguishes lamellar bone from woven bone?High mineral contentHaphazard collagen fiber arrangementParallel arrangement of…
Published 10/21/2024 In adults, the presence of woven bone is typically considered:Normal and healthyA sign of agingAbnormalIndicative of strong bone density
Published 10/21/2024 Which type of bone is more likely to withstand mechanical stress due to its structural integrity?Woven boneLamellar boneTrabecular boneCancellous bone
Published 10/21/2024 What is the primary function of osteoblasts?Resorption of boneRegulation of calcium levelsSynthesis and mineralization of the bone matrixFormation of …
Published 10/21/2024 Which type of bone cell is responsible for detecting mechanical forces and translating those forces into biological activity?OsteoblastsOsteocytesOste…
Published 10/21/2024 How do osteoclasts contribute to bone remodeling?By synthesizing new bone matrixBy resorbing boneBy regulating calcium levels in the bloodBy forming n…
Published 10/21/2024 Which of the following accurately describes the origin of osteoclasts?Derived from osteoblastsDerived from circulating monocytesDerived from bone marr…
Published 10/21/2024 What is the role of integrin proteins on the surface of osteoclasts?To transport calcium ionsTo create a sealed extracellular trench (resorption pit)T…
Published 10/21/2024 What substances do osteoclasts secrete into the resorption pit to dissolve bone?Alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcinAcid and neutral proteases, primar…
Published 10/21/2024 What type of ossification primarily occurs during embryonic bone development?Intramembranous ossificationEndochondral ossificationAppositional ossific…
Published 10/21/2024 What is the initial structure from which most bones develop during embryogenesis?OsteoidChondrocyteCartilage mold (anlagen)Medullary cavity
Published 10/21/2024 At what gestational age does the central medullary canal begin to form within the cartilage mold?4 weeks6 weeks8 weeks10 weeks
Published 10/21/2024 What occurs simultaneously with the formation of the central medullary canal?Formation of growth platesDeposition of the cortex by osteoblastsDevelopm…
Published 10/21/2024 Where does the primary center of ossification form in developing bones?At the epiphysisAt the midshaft (diaphysis)At the metaphysisAt the articular su…
Published 10/21/2024 What do secondary centers of ossification form at the longitudinal ends of the bone?Primary ossification centersMedullary cavitiesGrowth plates (physe…
Published 10/21/2024 What happens to the cartilage anlage as the centers of ossification expand?It becomes completely mineralizedIt forms articular cartilageIt becomes ent…
Published 10/21/2024 Which of the following occurs within the growth plates during bone development?A) Apoptosis of osteoblasts B) Sequential proliferation, hypertrophy, a…
Published 10/21/2024 What is the role of capillaries during bone development? A) Prevent mineralization B) Invade the matrix and provide nutrients during apoptosis C) Reso…
Published 10/21/2024 What remains after most of the calcified cartilage matrix is resorbed? A) Osteoclasts B) Primary spongiosa C) Hypertrophic chondrocytes D) RANKL
Published 10/21/2024 What is the earliest bone structure formed in bone development? A) Primary spongiosa B) Osteon C) Periosteum D) Growth plate
Published 10/21/2024 What type of bone formation occurs in flat bones like the cranium? A) Endochondral ossification B) Intramembranous ossification C) Appositional growth…
Published 10/21/2024 Which term describes the process of bone enlarging by deposition on a pre-existing surface? A) Longitudinal growth B) Appositional growth C) Endochond…
Published 10/21/2024 What process is responsible for continuous bone changes and damage repair in adults? A) Static maintenance B) Remodeling C) Intramembranous ossificati…
Published 10/21/2024 What is the Bone Multicellular Unit (BMU) composed of? A) Chondrocytes and periosteum B) Osteoblasts and osteoclasts C) Cartilage matrix and capillari…
Published 10/21/2024 Which factor regulates bone remodeling events at the BMU? A) Cytokines and signaling pathways B) Cartilage matrix density C) Capillary invasion D) Cal…
Published 10/21/2024 Which ligand is crucial for activating osteoclasts during bone resorption? A) OPG B) RANKL C) Collagen D) M-CSF
Published 10/21/2024 What role does RANK play in osteoclast differentiation? A) Binds to OPG B) Activates NF-KB when stimulated by RANKL C) Suppresses bone resorption D) S…
Published 10/21/2024 What is the function of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in bone remodeling? A) Promotes osteoclast formation B) Prevents bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclas…
Published 10/21/2024 How does an increased RANK-to-OPG ratio affect bone? A) Promotes bone formation B) Inhibits bone formation C) Favors bone resorption D) Enhances bone …
Published 10/21/2024 What is the role of Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (M-CSF) in bone remodeling? A) It inhibits osteoclast formation B) It is crucial for the gene…
Published 10/21/2024 Which cells produce M-CSF? A) Osteoclasts B) Chondrocytes C) Osteoblasts D) Capillary endothelial cells
Published 10/21/2024 What does bone remodeling allow the skeleton to do in response to mechanical forces? A) Remain static B) Change shape C) Prevent mineralization D) For…
Published 10/23/2024 {{c1::WNT proteins}}Produced by {{c2::osteoprogenitor cells}}Bind to {{c4::LRP5}} and {{c4::RP6}} on osteoblasts to activate {{c3::B-catenin signaling…
Published 10/21/2024 Homeostasis and remodelingOsteocytes produce {{c1::sclerostin}}, which inhibits {{c2::WNT/B-catenin signaling}} and promotes {{c2::bone formation}}The…
Published 10/21/2024 Developmental DisordersThis results from localized disruption of the migration and condensation of mesenchyme {{c1::Dysostosis::Dysplasia or Dysostosi…
Published 10/21/2024 Developmental DisordersGlobal disorganization of bone and/or cartilage {{c1::Dysostosis::Dysplasia or Dysostosis}}
Published 10/23/2024 Defects in nuclear proteins and transcription factors, especially {{c3::homeobox proteins}}, result in disorganized mesenchymal condensation an…
Published 10/21/2024 Defects in hormones and signal transduction proteinsThis is the most common skeletal dysplasia and a major cause of dwarfism Results in shortened prox…
Published 10/23/2024 Defects in hormones and signal transduction proteinsAchondroplasiaThe most common skeletal dysplasia and a major cause of {{c1::dwarfism}} An {{c1::au…
Published 10/21/2024 Defects in hormones and signal transduction proteins{{c1::Thanatophoric dysplasia}}The most common lethal form of dwarfismCaused by FGFR3 gain-of-func…
Published 10/21/2024 Defects in extracellular structural proteinsMost common inherited disorder of connective tissue caused by deficiencies in type I collagen synthesis
Published 10/23/2024 Defects in extracellular structural proteins{{c1::Osteogenesis imperfecta}} (brittle bone disease)Most common inherited disorder of connective ti…
Published 10/21/2024 TRUE or FALSEOsteogenesis imperfecta principally affects bone, but it also impacts joints, eyes, and skin.
Published 10/21/2024 {{c1::::}}
Published 10/21/2024 False about osteogenesis imperfectaSeparated into 4 minor clinical subtypesVaries differently by durationMore severe/lethal phenotypes are associated …
Published 10/23/2024 Type 2 OI is uniformity fatal in {{c1::utero}} and characterized by extraordinary {{c2::bone fragility}} and multiple {{c2::intrauterine fracture…
Published 10/21/2024 Which statement is false about osteopetrosis?Reduced bone resorptionDeficient osteoclast developmentDiffuse and asymmetric skeletal sclerosisNOTA
Published 10/23/2024 Most of the mutations in osteopetrosis interfere with {{c1::acidification}} of the {{c2::osteoclast resorption pit}}
Published 10/23/2024 The osteoclast resorption pit is required for the dissolution of {{c1::calcium hydroxyapatite}} within the matrix
Published 10/21/2024 True about Albers-Schönberg diseaseMild autosomal recessive form of osteopetrosisCaused by mutation of CLCNBoth A and BNone
Published 10/21/2024 Due to deficient osteoclast activity, bones involved by osteopetrosis lack a {{c1::medullary canal}}, and the ends of long bones are {{c2::bulbous}} a…
Published 10/21/2024 What do you call the bulbous appearance of the end of long bones in osteopetrosis?
Published 10/23/2024 OSTEOPETROSISDeposited bone is not remodeled and tends to be {{c1::woven}} rather than {{c2::lamellar}}
Published 10/21/2024 Osteopenia refers to _____ bone _____?Increased, massDecreased, massIncreased, densityDecreased, density
Published 10/23/2024 {{c1::OSTEOPENIA}}1 to {{c2::2.5}} standard deviations below the mean peak bone mass in young adults
Published 10/23/2024 {{c3::Osteoporosis}} is defined as {{c1::osteopenia}} that is severe enough to significantly increase the risk of {{c2::fracture}}Bone mass at least 2…
Published 10/21/2024 Bone mass of osteoporosis is at least {{c1::2.5}} standard deviations below the mean
Published 10/23/2024 The most common forms of osteoporosis are {{c1::senile}} and {{c1::postmenopausal}}
Published 10/21/2024 In the decade after menopause, up to {{c1::2}} % of {{c2::cortical}} bone and {{c1::9}}% of {{c2::cancellous}} bone may be lost each year
Published 10/21/2024 Progesterone deficiency plays the major role in osteopenia and osteoporosisTrueNot TrueFalseNot FalseB and CA and D
Published 10/23/2024 Decreased estrogen {{c1::increases::increase or decrease}} both bone {{c2::formation}} and {{c2::resorption}}.
Published 10/23/2024 The hallmark of osteoporosis is histologically normal bone that is {{c1::decreased}} in quantity
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