Notes in Module 4 - Pharmacodynamics

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Published	01/07/2024	What is pharmacodynamics?
Published	01/07/2024	How does pharmacodynamics differ with pharmacokinetics?
Published	01/07/2024	Drug-receptor binding is the primary interaction of interest in dynamics. The theory that states that drug effect is proportional to the number of occ…
Published	01/07/2024	The Two-State Receptor Model states that at physiologic baselines, the equilibrium concentrations between these two isoforms determine the constitutiv…
Published	01/07/2024	Distinguish between inactive and active receptors in terms of effect elicited and preferential binding
Published	01/07/2024	The lock-and-key model explains that the preferential binding of a drug with a similar structure as a natural agonist produces a highly ___ effect on …
Published	01/07/2024	How does beta-1-adrenergic receptor antagonists affect epinephrine binding?
Published	01/07/2024	How do glucocorticoids elicit their effects?
Published	01/07/2024	What three factors cause drug response variations?
Published	01/07/2024	Differentiate tolerance from tachyphylaxis
Published	01/07/2024	Why are tolerance and tachyphylaxis important in drug response?
Published	01/07/2024	Distinguish between downregulation and upregulation
Published	01/07/2024	Chronic salbutamol use is an example of receptor ___
Published	01/07/2024	Sudden withdrawal from beta blockers like propranolol causes net positive cardiovascular effects; an example of receptor ___
Published	01/07/2024	What are the four major effect areas of pharmacogenetic variability in drug response?
Published	01/07/2024	Graded dose-response curves (DRCs) are usually ___ in shape and show a proportional relationship between ___
Published	01/07/2024	This is the maximal response of the drug; going beyond this value brings no benefit and potentially causes toxicity
Published	01/07/2024	This is also known as the ability of a drug to achieve a target response or effect
Published	01/07/2024	This is the concentration at which a drug occupies half of all available receptors, eliciting half the maximal response
Published	01/07/2024	The EC50 demonstrates the proportionality between ___
Published	01/07/2024	EC50 is related to this constant, which is also known as a drug "fingerprint"
Published	01/07/2024	In the absence of spare receptors, what is the relationship between magnitude of drug affinity and EC50?
Published	01/07/2024	Another way to show graded DRCs is by using semi-log curves, plotting log doses with linear response and producing a ___ shape
Published	01/07/2024	A full agonist (FA) is a drug that achieves ___
Published	01/07/2024	An FA like isoproterenol binds to beta 2 receptors and have lower Emax than both epinephrine and norepinephrine. How does it work?
Published	01/07/2024	How do competitive antagonists (CAs) affect the DRC of full agonists (FA)?
Published	01/07/2024	Propranolol is a non-selective beta blocker which effectively lowers heart rate, cardiac contractility, and conduction velocity; but is avoided among …
Published	01/07/2024	How do non-competitive antagonists (NCAs) affect DRC of full agonists (FAs)?
Published	01/07/2024	Phenoxybenzamine is given for hypertensive crises among pheochromocytoma patients. Why?
Published	01/07/2024	Ketamine is an NCA of NMDA receptors. How does it work?
Published	01/07/2024	How do partial agonists (PAs) work?
Published	01/07/2024	Acebutolol is a beta receptor PA, causing lower heart rate and blood pressure. How is this a better drug than propranolol for asthma patients?
Published	01/07/2024	What theory provides a mechanism behind acebutolol action?
Published	01/07/2024	Distinguish graded from quantal DRCs.
Published	01/07/2024	Why are quantal DRCs also called all-or-none occurrences?
Published	01/07/2024	What are the axes in a quantal curve?
Published	01/07/2024	What are the three quantal drug parameters?
Published	01/07/2024	Therapeutic effect (ED50) and toxic effect (TD50) values may be generated from what kinds of studies?
Published	01/07/2024	Lethal effect (LD50) values are commonly found in what studies?
Published	01/07/2024	What is the primary consideration in drug selection?
Published	01/07/2024	What is Therapeutic Index?
Published	01/07/2024	How is Margin of Safety better than Therapeutic Index?
Published	01/07/2024	What is the Therapeutic Window?
Published	01/07/2024	Why should all safety profiles (TI, MOS, TW) be observed in using Digoxin?
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