Notes in 08_cardiac

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	12/28/2023	What is the classic finding on EKG for stable angina? How is stable angina relieved?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the classic finding on EKG for Prinzmetal angina? Treatment?
Published	12/28/2023	What cardiac marker is useful for detecting reinfarction on top of an acute MI? When does it peak and how long does it remain detectable?
Published	12/28/2023	What cardiac marker is the gold standard for detecting an MI? When does it first become detectable, peak, and become no longer detectable?
Published	12/28/2023	In the first 6 hrs of an MI, what is your best diagnostic tool?
Published	12/28/2023	What are three severe complications that can occur 4-7 days post-MI?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Dressler syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	What complication can occur 4-24 hours post-MI?
Published	12/28/2023	Do "heart-failure cells" present with left- or right-sided heart failure? How do they form?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure?
Published	12/28/2023	What are three clinical features of right-sided HF?
Published	12/28/2023	What 3 congential heart defects initially present with left-to-right shunting?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly? What syndrome is it associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	What determines the degree of shunting in a VSD? How is VSD treated?
Published	12/28/2023	What type of heart defect is characterized by a loud S1 and a wide, fixed split S2?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two types of ASD? What is significant about each?
Published	12/28/2023	What cardiac defect is associated with congenital rubella?
Published	12/28/2023	PDA bypasses what part of the circulatory system?
Published	12/28/2023	PDA is known for what characteristic murmur?
Published	12/28/2023	What drug is used to close a PDA?
Published	12/28/2023	How does PDA typically present, clinically?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the components of tetralogy of fallot?
Published	12/28/2023	What type of shunt does Tetralogy of fallot result in?
Published	12/28/2023	What x-ray finding is classically associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?
Published	12/28/2023	What congenital cardiac defect is associated with maternal diabetes?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the five right-to-left shunts that present with early cyanosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What embryological problem results in a transposition of the great vessels?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the immediate post-birth treatment for an infant with transposition of the great vessels?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the infantile form of coarctation of the aorta. What genetic abnormality is it associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the clinical presentation of the adult form of coarctation of the aorta:
Published	12/28/2023	How are aortic stenosis caused by age and aortic stenosis caused by chronic rheumatic valve disease distinguishable?
Published	12/28/2023	Stable angina represents atherosclerotic occulusion of how much coronary artery?
Published	12/28/2023	How does stable angina present?
Published	12/28/2023	Unstable angina manifests from what pathological process?
Published	12/28/2023	Is myocyte injury in unstable angina still reversible?
Published	12/28/2023	What EKG findings do you expect in unstable angina?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most feared complication of unstable angina?
Published	12/28/2023	Other than plaque rupture and full coronary artery occlusion, what are 3 less common causes of MI?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the clinical features of an MI?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most commonly involved vessel in an MI?
Published	12/28/2023	What structures become ischemic in LAD infarction (3) ?
Published	12/28/2023	What structures can become ischemic in an infarction of the RCA?
Published	12/28/2023	What structure becomes ischemic in an infarct of the LCX?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the progression of EKG findings one would find if measuring right at the start of a STEMI MI:
Published	12/28/2023	Treatment for an MI can include what 6 therapies/therapeutic classes?
Published	12/28/2023	What are two complications of fibrinolysis/angioplasty (PCI) post-MI?
Published	12/28/2023	What complications might be seen < 4 hours post-MI (3)?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the gross and microscopic changes seen in cardiac tissue < 4 hrs post-MI:
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the gross and microscopic changes seen in cardiac tissue 4-24 hrs post-MI:
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the gross and microscopic changes seen in cardiac tissue 1-3 days post-MI:
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the gross and microscopic changes seen in cardiac tissue 4-7 days post-MI:
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the gross and microscopic changes seen in cardiac tissue 1-3 weeks post-MI:
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the gross and microscopic changes seen in cardiac tissue months post-MI:
Published	12/28/2023	What is sudden cardiac death?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 4 causes of sudden cardiac death?
Published	12/28/2023	What are two general clinical sequelae of left-sided heart failure?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the mainstay of treatment for left-sided heart failure?
Published	12/28/2023	When during embryogenesis do congenital heart defects typically arise?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the incidence of congenital heart defects?
Published	12/28/2023	How do left-to-right shunts progress and present?
Published	12/28/2023	How do congential right-to-left shunts typically present?
Published	12/28/2023	A paradoxical embolus (e.g. stroke occurs following DVT) is suggestive of what pathology?
Published	12/28/2023	The degree of pulmonic stenosis influences what two factors in Tetrology of Fallot?
Published	12/28/2023	How do Tetrology of Fallot patients typically respond to cyanotic spells?
Published	12/28/2023	How are the ventricles affected in cases of transposition of the great vessels?
Published	12/28/2023	How is truncus arteriosus characterized?
Published	12/28/2023	Tricuspid atresia results in absent communication between the right atrium and right ventricle. What other defect is it typically associated with? Wha…
Published	12/28/2023	Valvular lesions general result in what two valvular issues?
Published	12/28/2023	How long following an episode of Group A β-hemolytic strep pharyngitis does acute rheumatic fever typically present?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever:
Published	12/28/2023	What are the criteria for diagnosing Rheumatic Fever?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the JONES criteria (be detailed)?
Published	12/28/2023	How can acute rheumatic fever progress?
Published	12/28/2023	What is chronic rheumatic heart disease?
Published	12/28/2023	Classic "fish-mouth" appearance of heart valves is assoicated with what condition?
Published	12/28/2023	What two valves are most commonly involved in chronic rheumatic heart disease? Specifically what gross changes can be appreciated?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the 3 typical etiologies of aortic valve stenosis:
Published	12/28/2023	How can one distinguish aortic stenosis due to chronic rheumatic valve disease from typical "wear and tear" aortic valve stenosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Why does aortic stenosis remain undetected for a prolonged period?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 major complications of aortic valve stenosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the treatment for aortic stenosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are some common causes of aortic regurgitation?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 5 clinical features of aortic regurgitation (murmur, circulatory changes, ventricular changes)?
Published	12/28/2023	How does a bounding "water-hammer" pulse develop in aortic regurgitation?
Published	12/28/2023	What is mitral prolapse?
Published	12/28/2023	What % of US adults have mitral valve prolapse?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the pathological change that causes mitral prolapse?
Published	12/28/2023	In what two genetic conditions is mitral prolapse commonly seen?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the typical murmur heard in mitral prolapse and what maneuver makes it softer/louder?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the complications of mitral stenosis? What is the treatment?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the clinical features of mitral stenosis (murmur, LA/pulmonary effects)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is most common overall cause of infective endocarditis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the pathophysiology of vegetation development in the instance of an S. viridans infection?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the difference between "acute" and "subacute" endocarditis?
Published	12/28/2023	S. aureus, S. bovis, S. epidermidis: what patients are associated with endocarditis caused by each?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the HACEK organisms and what do they cause?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the clinical features of bacterial endocarditis (4)?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (4 features):
Published	12/28/2023	Describe Libman-Sacks endocarditis. What valve defect will it lead to?
Published	12/28/2023	Does DCM result in heart failure with systolic or diastolic dysfunction? What are some common complications of biventricular dilation?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 7 major causes of DCM?
Published	12/28/2023	Hereditary HCM is usually due to mutations in what kind of protein?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the clinical features of HCM (3)?
Published	12/28/2023	What does biopsy of HCM show?
Published	12/28/2023	How does restrictive cardiomyopathy typically present? What specific EKG abnormality might be present?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 4 causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a myxoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What finding is characteristic of myxoma on histological examination?
Published	12/28/2023	How does a myxoma cause symptoms?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common primary cardiac tumor of the heart in children? What condition is it associated with? Where does it commonly arise?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common tumor of the heart?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the most common heart mets? How do they usually present?
Published	12/28/2023	What is this?
Published	12/28/2023	What are these?
Published	12/28/2023	What is this?
Published	12/28/2023	This gross specimen demostrates what pathology?
Status	Last Update	Fields