Notes in 11_biliary

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Published	12/28/2023	What two types of necrosis are seen in acute pancreatitis, and what specific tissues undergo these necrotic processes?
Published	12/28/2023	Which serum markers can be used to detect pancreatitis? Which is more specific for pancreatic damage?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two major risk factors for the development of pancreatic carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the serum tumor marker for pancreatic adenocarcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 6 high-yield clinical features of pancreatic carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	Where is the most common location of a pancreatic carcinoma? What specific clinical feature of pancreatic carcinoma is this location associated with?&…
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two types of gallstones? Which one is most common?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the risk factors for developing cholesterol cholelithiasis (6)?
Published	12/28/2023	Which type of gallstone is radiolucent and which is radiopaque?
Published	12/28/2023	What 2 pathologies increase the risk for developing bilirubin cholelithiasis?
Published	12/28/2023	What gallbladder pathology is associated with Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus? What is a Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a porcelain gallbladder? Why must it be removed?
Published	12/28/2023	An elderly woman who presents with cholecystitis - what important pathology should be in your differential?
Published	12/28/2023	Why does the urine become dark with extravascular hemolytic processes or ineffective erythropoiesis?
Published	12/28/2023	Which pattern of liver enzymes elevation is seen in viral hepatitis?
Published	12/28/2023	Which two hepatitis viruses are transmitted via the fecal-oral route?
Published	12/28/2023	Why is it dangerous for a pregnant woman to contract HEV?
Published	12/28/2023	HDV is dependent on what other virus in order to form a capsid?
Published	12/28/2023	What is more severe: a coinfection or a superinfection of HBV and HDV?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 clinical signs of excess estrogen in a patient with cirrhosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are Mallory bodies?
Published	12/28/2023	What pattern of liver enzyme elevation would be seen upon alcoholic liver damage?
Published	12/28/2023	In hemochromatosis, what mediates tissue damage?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the classic triad of hemochromatosis? What are some other clinical findings?
Published	12/28/2023	What type of carcinoma do patients with hemochromatosis have an increased risk of developing?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the treatment for Wilson disease? What defect is Wilson disease associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	What autoantibody is typically present in cases of primary biliary cirrhosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Reye syndrome? What specific organelle is implicated in its development?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the three general risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the serum tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What biliary tract disease is associated with concentric "onion skin" bile duct fibrosis leading to alternating strictures and dilation with "beading"…
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common type of gall stone in the west? How do these stones appear on imaging?
Published	12/28/2023	What findings can be identified in this pathological specimen taken from the gallbladder? Do these findings inform a  particular diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is gallstone ileus?
Published	12/28/2023	In cases of acute viral hepatitis, how are liver enzyme levels in the blood affected? Where specifically does liver inflammation occur?
Published	12/28/2023	What underlying pathology is this liver specimen indicative of?
Published	12/28/2023	Which anatomical areas of the liver are primarily affected in cases of chronic hepatitis?
Published	12/28/2023	What serologic markers will be present in an acutely active HBV infection?
Published	12/28/2023	What pathology is this histological specimen, taken from the liver, indicative of?
Published	12/28/2023	What can be appreciated in this histological specimen, taken from the liver?
Published	12/28/2023	What does this histology slide, taken from a liver specimen, show? What pathological process are these findings indicative of?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the pathophysiology of primary hemochromatosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What pathology is depicted below?
Published	12/28/2023	What conclusions would you draw from this pathology specimen taken from the liver?
Published	12/28/2023	This histology specimen, taken from the liver, is characteristic of what pathology?
Published	12/28/2023	What is an "annular pancreas"? What condition can it cause?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two most common causes of acute pancreatitis? Can you list some other less-common causes?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 5 key clinical features of acute pancreatitis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 5 major complications of acute pancreatitis?
Published	12/28/2023	How does a pancreatic pseudocyst clinically present?
Published	12/28/2023	What bacteria can colonize a pancreatic abscess?
Published	12/28/2023	Chronic pancreatitis is defined as "fibrosis of the pancreatic parenchyma", and is often secondary to recurrent bouts of acute pancreatitis. What are …
Published	12/28/2023	What are 5 key clinical features of chronic pancreatitis?
Published	12/28/2023	How does the dystrophic calcification seen in chronic pancreatitis characteristically appear on imaging?
Published	12/28/2023	Are amylase and lipase useful biomarkers for chronic pancreatitis?
Published	12/28/2023	Secondary DM in the setting of pancreatic carcinoma is most associated with what anatomical location of the tumor?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the epidemiology of pancreatic carcinoma (what does a typical patient look like)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is standard surgical treatment for pancreatic carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the prognosis for pancreatic adenocarcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What is biliary atresia and how does it present?
Published	12/28/2023	What are three common biliary tract infections that predispose towards the formation of bilirubin cholelithiasis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 6 general complications of either cholesterol or biliary cholelithiasis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the symptoms of biliary colic? How can the condition evolve?
Published	12/28/2023	In acute cholecystitis, an impacted stone in the cystic duct leads to what triad of gallbladder findings?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the presenting symptoms and clinical features of acute cholecystitis (4)?
Published	12/28/2023	How does chronic cholecystitis typically present?
Published	12/28/2023	Quantitatively, how much serum bilirubin is needed to cause visible jaundice?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the normal pathway of bilirubin metabolism from bilirubin capture in the reticuloendothelial system through excretion:
Published	12/28/2023	Extravascular hemolysis/ineffective erythropoiesis can cause jaundice by overwhelming the liver's mechanism to metabolize and excrete bilirubin. What …
Published	12/28/2023	What causes physiologic jaundice of the newborn?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the pathophysiology of the neurological deficits seen in untreated physiologic jaundice of the newborn? What is the treatment?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the difference between Gilbert Syndrome and Crigler-Najjar syndrome (at a molecular level)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Gilbert syndrome? How does it present? What is the prognosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the cause of Crigler-Najjar syndrome (and inheritence pattern)? What is the prognosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What four diseases/conditions present with only increased unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) upon laboratory testing?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Dubin-Johnson syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the lab findings and symptoms of Dubin-Johnson syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Rotor syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	A biliary tract obstruction will cause these three blood/urine lab findings:
Published	12/28/2023	What bilirubin-related lab findings does one expect to see in cases of viral hepatitis?
Published	12/28/2023	What serologic marker can be elevated during the window phase (time between intitial infection and typical clinical detection) of HBV infection?
Published	12/28/2023	What serologic markers will be present in a patient with a resolved case of HBV infection?
Published	12/28/2023	What defines a chronic hepatitis B infection? What serologic marker might be present?
Published	12/28/2023	What serologic marker will be seen in a patient who has been immunized against HBV?
Published	12/28/2023	What compound is the key mediator of alcoholic hepatitis?
Published	12/28/2023	What three clinical features does Reye syndrome typically present with?
Published	12/28/2023	Besides hepatitis viruses, what two other viruses can cause acute hepatitis?
Published	12/28/2023	Hepatic cirrhosis is mediated by what cytokine, secreted from which cell, residing where?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the four clinical sequelae of portal hypertension?
Published	12/28/2023	Decreased detoxification (of ammonia) in the setting of liver cirrhosis can lead to what 3 clinical findings?
Published	12/28/2023	Decreased protein synthesis due to cirrhotic liver disease leads to what two pathologies?
Published	12/28/2023	What percentage of alcoholics ultimately develop cirrhosis?
Published	12/28/2023	When does hemochromatosis present?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the treatment for hemochromatosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What will labs show in a patient with Wilson disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What is primary biliary cirrhosis? What type of patient is it associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	What serum marker, seen in certain vasculitides and UC, is often positive in cases of primary sclerosing cholangitis?
Published	12/28/2023	Primary sclerosing cholangitis increases risk for what malignancy?
Published	12/28/2023	What is hepatic adenoma associated with? What complication can it cause? What is the treatment?
Published	12/28/2023	Hepatocellular carcinoma increases risk for what syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common liver malignancy?
Published	12/28/2023	How do mets to the liver typically present?
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