Notes in L40 Bone & Joint III

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/12/2023	{{c2::Multiple myeloma}} is a malignant proliferation of {{c3::mono}}-clonal {{c1::plasma}} cells in the bone marrow
Published	09/12/2023	{{c1::Multiple myeloma}} is the most common primary malignancy of bone in people > 40 - 50 years old
Published	09/12/2023	What is the most common bone malignancy? {{c1::Metastatic cancer}}
Published	09/12/2023	Multiple myeloma is associated with high serum IL-{{c1::6}}, which stimulates plasma cell growth and immunoglobulin production
Published	09/12/2023	Multiple myeloma presents with {{c1::lytic (punched-out)}} {{c2::bone}} lesions and hypercalcemia
Published	09/12/2023	The bone lesions seen with multiple myeloma are most common in the {{c1::vertebrae}} and {{c2::skull}}
Published	09/12/2023	In multiple myeloma, neoplastic plasma cells produce {{c1::IL-1}}, which stimulates {{c2::osteoclast}} maturation that will lead to bone resorption
Published	09/12/2023	Multiple myeloma is associated with {{c1::elevated}} serum protein
Published	09/12/2023	The M spike seen in {{c3::multiple myeloma}} is most commonly due to monoclonal {{c1::IgG}} (55%) or {{c2::IgA}} (25%)
Published	09/12/2023	Multiple myeloma is associated with increased risk of {{c1::infection}} due to lack of {{c2::antigenic}} diversity of monoclonal antibodies
Published	09/12/2023	{{c3::Multiple myeloma}} is associated with free {{c1::light chain}} excretion in the urine, known as {{c2::Bence Jones}} proteinuria
Published	09/12/2023	What MRI finding is associated with multiple sclerosis?{{c1::Periventricular plaques}}
Published	09/12/2023	In multiple myeloma, neoplastic plasma cells produce IL-{{c1::6}} which stimulates osteoclast activating factor
Published	09/12/2023	{{c4::Gardner}} syndrome is a combination of {{c1::familial adenomatous polyposis}} with {{c2::osteomas}} and {{c3::fibromatosis}}
Published	09/12/2023	What musculoskeletal disorder is characterized by metaplasia of skeletal muscle to bone? {{c1::Myositis ossificans}}
Published	09/12/2023	Osteoma is a benign tumor of {{c1::bone::what overall type of structure?}} that is seen in {{c2::middle}} age
Published	09/12/2023	Osteomas most commonly arise on the surface of {{c1::facial}} bones
Published	09/12/2023	What GI pathology is associated with osteomas? {{c1::Gardner syndrome}}
Published	09/12/2023	Osteoid osteoma is a benign tumor of {{c1::osteoblasts (which make osteoid)}}, surrounded by a rim of reactive bone
Published	09/12/2023	What demographic is associated with osteoid osteoma? {{c1::Males < 25 years old::age, gender}}
Published	09/12/2023	Osteoid osteoma typically arises in the {{c1::cortex}} of the {{c2::diaphysis}} of long bones (e.g. femur)
Published	09/12/2023	Osteoid osteoma presents with bone pain that is worse at {{c2::night}} and {{c1::DOES}} resolve with aspirin
Published	09/12/2023	Imaging of osteoid osteoma reveals a bony mass, {{c1::<}} 2 cm, with a radiolucent core (osteoid)
Published	09/12/2023	Osteoblastoma is benign tumor of osteoblasts, typically {{c1::>}} 2 cm
Published	09/12/2023	Osteoblastoma presents with bone pain, especially at night, that {{c1::DOES NOT}} resolve with aspirin
Published	09/12/2023	Osteoblastoma typically arises in {{c1::vertebrae::body location}}
Published	09/12/2023	{{c1::Osteochondroma}} is a benign bone tumor with an overlying cartilage cap
Published	09/12/2023	What is the most common benign tumor of bone? {{c1::Osteochondroma}}
Published	09/12/2023	Osteochondroma arises as a lateral projection of the {{c1::growth plate (metaphysis)}}
Published	09/12/2023	The overlying cartilage in osteochondroma rarely transforms to {{c1::chondrosarcoma}}
Published	09/12/2023	What demographic is associated with osteochondroma? {{c1::Males < 25 years old::age, gender}}
Published	09/12/2023	Osteosarcoma is a malignant proliferation of {{c1::osteoblasts}}
Published	09/12/2023	The peak incidence for primary osteosarcoma is in {{c1::teenagers (10-20 years old)::specific}}
Published	09/12/2023	The peak incidence for secondary osteosarcoma is in {{c1::the elderly (>65 years old)}}
Published	09/12/2023	What MSK pathology predisposes to osteosarcoma? {{c1::Paget disease of bone}}
Published	09/12/2023	Osteosarcoma is associated with {{c1::radiation}} exposure
Published	09/12/2023	What inherited cancers are associated with osteosarcoma? {{c1::Li-Fraumeni syndrome and familial retinoblastoma::2}}
Published	09/12/2023	Osteosarcoma arises in the {{c1::metaphysis}} of long bones, often around the {{c2::knee::body location}}
Published	09/12/2023	Osteosarcoma typically presents as a pathologic {{c1::fracture}} or bone pain with swelling
Published	09/12/2023	Imaging of osteosarcoma may reveal a(n) "{{c1::sunburst}}" pattern on X-ray
Published	09/12/2023	Imaging of osteosarcoma may reveal elevation of periosteum, which is known as {{c1::Codman triangle}}
Published	09/12/2023	What bone tumor is characterized by a "sunburst" pattern and Codman triangle on X-ray?{{c1::Osteosarcoma}}
Published	09/12/2023	Biopsy of osteosarcoma reveals pleomorphic cells that produce {{c1::osteoid}}
Published	09/12/2023	What is the treatment for osteosarcoma?{{c1::En bloc resection}} and {{c1::chemotherapy}}
Published	09/12/2023	Giant cell tumor is a bone tumor comprised of multinucleated giant cells and stromal cells that express {{c1::RANKL}}
Published	09/12/2023	What demographic is associated with giant cell tumor of bone? {{c1::Young adults (20 - 40 years old)::age group}}
Published	09/12/2023	Giant cell tumor arises in the {{c1::epiphysis}} of long bones, often in the knee region
Published	09/12/2023	Which bone tumor arises in the epiphysis of long bones?{{c1::Giant cell tumor}}
Published	09/12/2023	Giant cell tumor usually arises at the distal {{c1::femur}} or proximal {{c2::tibia}}
Published	09/12/2023	Giant cell tumor is associated with a(n) "{{c1::soap bubble}}" appearance on X-ray
Published	09/12/2023	Which bone tumor is associated with a "soap-bubble" appearance on X-ray? {{c1::Giant cell tumor}}
Published	09/12/2023	Giant cell tumor is a locally aggressive {{c1::benign::benign or malignant}} tumor
Published	09/12/2023	Ewing sarcoma is a malignant proliferation of poorly-differentiated cells derived from {{c1::neuroectoderm}}
Published	09/12/2023	Ewing sarcoma arises in the {{c1::diaphysis}} of long bones (particularly the femur); other locations include pelvic {{c2::flat bones}}, scapula, and …
Published	09/12/2023	What demographic is associated with Ewing sarcoma? {{c1::Boys < 15 years old::age, gender}}
Published	09/12/2023	Ewing sarcoma is associated with a(n) "{{c1::onion-skin}}" appearance on X-ray
Published	09/12/2023	Which bone tumor is characterized by small, round blue cells that resemble lymphocytes? {{c1::Ewing sarcoma}}
Published	09/12/2023	{{c2::Ewing sarcoma}} is a bone tumor that is associated with t({{c1::11}};{{c1::22}}) translocation
Published	09/12/2023	What is the treatment for Ewing sarcoma?{{c1::Chemotherapy}}
Published	09/12/2023	{{c1::Chondroma}} is a benign tumor of cartilage
Published	09/12/2023	Which cartilage tumor arises in the medulla of the small bones in the hands and feet? {{c1::Chondroma (benign)}}
Published	09/12/2023	{{c1::Chondrosarcoma}} is a malignant cartilage-forming tumor
Published	09/12/2023	Which cartilage tumor arises in the medulla of the pelvis or central skeleton? {{c1::Chondrosarcoma (malignant)}}
Published	09/12/2023	Which is more common, primary bone tumors or metastasis to the bone?{{c1::Metastasis}}
Published	09/12/2023	Metastatic bone tumors usually result in {{c1::osteolytic (punched-out)}} lesions
Published	09/12/2023	Prostatic carcinoma with bone metastasis classically produces {{c1::osteoblastic}} lesions
Published	09/12/2023	Patients with a germline Rb mutation will typically develop a {{c2::bilateral}} {{c1::Retinoblastoma}}, with an increased risk of {{c3::osteosarcoma}}
Published	09/12/2023	In the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, Natalizumab works by preventing extravasation of autoreactive {{c1::CD8+::CD4 or CD8?}} T Cells
Published	09/12/2023	What screening tests would be useful for evaluating an elderly patient with chronic arm pain, anemia, and back pain (X-ray below)?{{c1::serum/urine pr…
Published	09/12/2023	Bone can give rise to a {{c1::osteoma}} (benign) and {{c2::osteosarcoma}} (malignant)
Published	09/12/2023	Osteosarcoma arises in the {{c1::metaphysis}} of long bones, often around the knee
Published	09/12/2023	Osteoid osteoma typically arises in the cortex of the {{c1::diaphysis}} of long bones (typically the proximal femur)
Published	09/12/2023	Osteoblastoma presents with bone pain, especially at night, that {{c1::DOES NOT}} resolve with aspirin/NSAIDs.
Published	09/12/2023	Tumors of {{c2::Bone}} are known as {{c1::Osteomas}} when benign and {{c1::Osteosarcomas}} when malignant
Published	09/12/2023	In terms of bone tumors, are bone metastases or 1* bone tumors more common?{{c1::Metastases, significantly}}
Published	09/12/2023	The primary tumors for Bone metastases can be ranked and remembered by the following mnemonic: (Pb (lead) KeTlLe){{c1::Prostate}} > {{c2::Breast}} …
Published	09/12/2023	Where does osteomyelitis most commonly occur in children?{{c1::Metaphysis of long bones}}
Published	09/12/2023	Osteosarcomas account for {{c1::20}}% of primary bone cancers
Published	09/12/2023	Osteosarcomas present as a {{c1::painful::painful/painless}} enlarging mass or pathologic {{c2::fractures}}
Published	09/12/2023	{{c1::Multiple myeloma}} is caused by neoplastic proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells that produce large amounts of {{c2::IgG}}, resulting in elev…
Published	09/12/2023	Histologically, anaplastic tumors typically have the presence of {{c1::giant, multinucleated}} tumor cells
Published	09/12/2023	{{c2::Ewing sarcoma}} is a bone tumor associated with a characteristic "{{c1::onion-skin}}" appearance on X-ray
Published	09/12/2023	Osteoid osteoma presents with bone pain, especially at night, that {{c1::DOES}} resolve with aspirin/NSAIDs
Published	09/12/2023	What bone tumor is characterized by a bony mass with a radiolucent core on imaging?{{c1::Osteoid osteoma}}
Published	09/12/2023	{{c2::Ewing sarcoma}} is a bone tumor that is associated with t({{c1::11}};{{c1::22}}) translocation.
Published	09/12/2023	Ewing sarcoma arises in the {{c1::diaphysis}} of long bones ({{c2::femur::classic bone}}).
Published	09/12/2023	Osteosarcoma arises in the {{c1::metaphysis}} of long bones, often around the {{c2::knee (femur/tibia)::location}}.
Published	09/12/2023	"onion skin" appearance of long bone periosteum with "moth-eaten" appearance is suggestive of {{c1::Ewing sarcoma::bone condition}}
Published	09/12/2023	Codman triangle and "sunburst" pattern is seen in {{c1::osteosarcoma::bone condition}}
Published	09/12/2023	In multiple myeloma, neoplastic plasma cells stimulate {{c1::osteoclast activating}} factor, which activates the RANK receptor on osteoclasts, leading…
Published	09/12/2023	{{c3::Multiple myeloma}} is associated with free {{c1::light chain}} excretion in the urine, known as {{c2::Bence Jones}} proteinuria.
Published	09/12/2023	{{c3::Primary}} amyloidosis is characterized by systemic deposition of {{c1::AL amyloid}}, which is derived from {{c2::Ig light chain}}.
Published	09/12/2023	The signs/symptoms of {{c6::multiple myeloma}} may be remembered with the mnemonic "CRAB": C: {{c1::hyperCalcemia}}R: {{c1::Renal involvement}}A: {{c1…
Published	09/12/2023	What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with anemia, painful osteolytic lesions, hypercalcemia, and recurrent infections? {{c1::Multiple myeloma}}
Published	09/12/2023	{{c1::Chondrosarcomas::which bone tumor?}} commonly arise from the proximal femur, pelvis and hip
Published	09/12/2023	Endothelial damage in {{c2::systemic sclerosis::connective tissue disorder}} causes release of self antigens and cytokines, which induces&nb…
Published	09/12/2023	The X-ray below is a patient with {{c1::osteoid osteoma}}
Published	09/12/2023	Multiple myeloma may present with {{c1::renal insufficiency}} due to a combination of amyloidosis, Bence Jones protein, …
Published	09/12/2023	In multiple myeloma, what mechanism may lead to lytic bone lesions (other than osteolytic cytokines)? (sorry){{c1::↑ Expression of…
Published	09/12/2023	Benign bone tumors most commonly occur in {{c1::male teens::demographic}}
Published	09/12/2023	EnChondromas develop in the {{c1::medullary cavity}} in bones of the {{c2::hands and feet::which locations?(2)}}
Published	09/12/2023	What benign bone tumor affects men and women equally (most common in adolescents)?{{c1::Enchondromas}}
Published	09/12/2023	Osteochondroma is a {{c2::slow::slow/rapid}} growing bone tumor commonly found at the {{c1::distal femur (near the knee)::location}}
Published	09/12/2023	Osteochondromas are usually *pain{{c1::less}}
Published	09/12/2023	Chondrosarcomas usually occur in {{c1::adults > 20 (most commonly >50 years)::demographic}}
Published	09/12/2023	Chondrosarcomas, Ewing sarcomas, and Osteosarcomas commonly metastasize to which location?{{c1::Lungs (hematogenously)}}
Published	09/12/2023	On x-ray, Ewing sarcoma displays a "{{c1::moth-eaten}}" appearance due to small areas of lucency in medullary cavity
Published	09/12/2023	Where does Ewing sarcoma originate?{{c1::Medullary cavity (invades the cortex and periosteum)}}
Published	09/12/2023	What is the gross appearance of Ewing sarcoma?{{c1::Tan-white with spots of necrosis and hemorrhage}}
Published	09/12/2023	Osteosarcomas often invade the {{c1::medullary cavity}}
Published	09/12/2023	Chondrosarcoma is a bone tumor that on x-ray appears with osteolytic lesions and a(n) {{c1::moth-eaten}} pattern of bone destruction
Published	09/12/2023	{{c2::Chondrosarcoma}} is a bone tumor that appears on x-ray with chondroid matrix calcification and {{c3::ring-and-arc}} sclerosis
Status	Last Update	Fields