Notes in CBB 19: Cell Signaling 1

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/14/2024	9590fd1ac45c434b92200bb0d1ad190b-oa-1
Published	09/14/2024	9590fd1ac45c434b92200bb0d1ad190b-oa-2
Published	09/14/2024	9590fd1ac45c434b92200bb0d1ad190b-oa-3
Published	09/14/2024	9590fd1ac45c434b92200bb0d1ad190b-oa-4
Published	09/14/2024	Types of signaling:{{c1::Contact dependent/ cell-to-cell interaction}}
Published	09/14/2024	Types of signaling:{{c1::Paracrine}}: local communication between cells     e.g. neurotransmitters
Published	09/14/2024	Types of signaling:{{c1::Autocrine}}: Cell stimulates itself with secreted hormone e.g. immune cells that synthesize their own growth factors
Published	09/14/2024	Types of signaling:{{c1::Endocrine}}: signaling molecule secreted by endocrine cell travels through the blood stream to reach target cells. oe.g. ster…
Published	09/14/2024	Types of signaling:{{c1::Synaptic:}} from axon across a synapse oe.g. Neurotransmitter
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::GPCR}} Signaling Overview1.Signaling process begins with the {{c2::ligand}} (hormone or neurotransmitter) binding to the {{c2::receptor}}. 2.Rec…
Published	09/14/2024	GPCR Signaling: Structure of GPCRo {{c1::Extracellular}} hormone-binding domains: o {{c2::Seven}} span transmembrane domains o {{c3::Intracellu…
Published	09/14/2024	GPCR Signaling: GPCR Structure and FunctionG- protein complex is consisted of {{c1::three}} subunits (α,β,γ) •bound to the {{c2::inner}} surface of t…
Published	09/14/2024	GPCR Signaling: G Protein ActivationBinding of ligand to receptor causes {{c1::conformational }} change in the receptor This change causes the G…
Published	09/14/2024	GPCR Signaling: Activated G Protein •Gα-G TP is able to activate effector proteins like {{c1::adelylate cyclase}} and {{c1::phospholipase C&…
Published	09/14/2024	GPCR Signaling: Type of Gα-protein & Effector protein targetsThere are at least {{c1::15}} variations of alpha subunits. The best characteriz…
Published	09/14/2024	GPCR Signaling: Signal terminationoThe Gα subunit will eventually hydrolyze the attached G{{c1::T}}P to G{{c1::D}}P by its inherent enzymatic activity…
Published	09/14/2024	Adenylate Cyclase: Activation•Activated Gα{{c1::s}} -subunit  interacts and activates adenylate cyclase •  Activated adenylate cyclase then…
Published	09/14/2024	Adenylate Cyclase: cAMP functioncAMP (second messenger) binds and activates  cAMP-dependent proteins kinase A (PKA) It takes {{c1::4}} cAMP to a…
Published	09/14/2024	Adenylate Cyclase: PKA activity (termination)For the signal termination:  •Protein phosphatases activity cause {{c1::dephosphorylation}} of…
Published	09/14/2024	Adenylate Cyclase:inactivationUpon activation of Giα subunit in response to inhibitory hormone binding to receptor •G{{c1::i}}α subunit migrates, inte…
Published	09/14/2024	e331f748c0324d5087e4e4eaae5bb5f8-oa-1
Published	09/14/2024	e331f748c0324d5087e4e4eaae5bb5f8-oa-2
Published	09/14/2024	e331f748c0324d5087e4e4eaae5bb5f8-oa-3
Published	09/14/2024	e331f748c0324d5087e4e4eaae5bb5f8-oa-4
Published	09/14/2024	e331f748c0324d5087e4e4eaae5bb5f8-oa-5
Published	09/14/2024	e331f748c0324d5087e4e4eaae5bb5f8-oa-6
Published	09/14/2024	Clinical correlate: CholeraAcute infectious disease caused by the bacterium, {{c1::Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae)}}The microorganisms enter the {{c2::G…
Published	09/14/2024	Clinical correlate: CholeraVibrio cholerae (Cholera) produces a toxin that affects intestinal cells (Cholera/Cholerae toxin):The toxin modifies G{{c1:…
Published	09/14/2024	Clinical correlate: Pertussis (Whooping Cough)Highly contagious disease caused by the bacteria {{c1::Bordetella pertussis}}.Initial symptoms (common c…
Published	09/14/2024	Clinical correlate: Pertussis (Whooping Cough)Bordetella pertussis (Whooping cough) produces a toxin that affects epithelial cells of the lungs:The to…
Published	09/14/2024	Phospholipase C: activationThis pathway is activated when neurotransmitters, hormones and growth factors bind to specific receptors GPCR 1.First hor…
Published	09/14/2024	Phospholipase C: IP3, DAG and Ca2+ functions6.IP3  binds to a specific receptor on {{c1::endoplasmic reticulum (ER)}}       •which…
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Ras}} G Proteins:Are homologous to the α subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins.Do not affect the activity of membrane-bound enzymes.Do not cause…
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