Notes in 01 Pediatric airway

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Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c1::Subglottic hemangioma}} is a benign vascular neoplasm that causes stridor in infancy
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c1::Subglottic hemangioma}} is the most common pediatric subglottic tracheal mass.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayThe classic radiographic finding of {{c2::subglottic hemangioma}} is {{c4::asymmetric::symmetric/asymmetric}} narrowing of th…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwaySubglottic hemangioma is associated with cutaneous hemangiomas and {{c1::PHACES}} syndrome
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c2::Laryngeal papillomatosis}} describes multiple laryngeal nodules caused by {{c1::HPV}} infection, resulting in {{c3::thi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayLaryngeal papillomas caused by {{c3::HPV}} often seed the {{c1::lungs}}, resulting in multiple {{c2::cavitary::type}} nodules
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c2::Tracheobronchomalacia}} causes excessive {{c1::expiratory::expiratory or inspiratory}} airway collapse from weakness of…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c1::Papillomatosis}} in the airway and lungs caused by HPV increases the risk of laryngeal and pulmonary {{c2::squamous cel…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayDevelopment of tracheobronchomalacia may be either {{c1::congenital}} or {{c2::acquired}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c4::Dynamic four-dimensional}}{{c2::CT::imaging modality}} or {{c3::bronchoscopy}} is necessary to diagnose {{c1::tracheobr…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayMore than {{c1::50}}% reduction in cross-sectional area of the {{c3::airway lumen}} on non-{{c5::forceful}} {{c4::expiratory}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayTracheobronchomalacia is commonly associated with {{c1::esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula::congenital anomaly…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayIatrogenic tracheal {{c1::stenosis}} may be a cause of stridor.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayCongenital tracheal {{c2::stenosis}} is usually associated with {{c1::vascular}} anomalies.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayAnatomic classification of upper airway obstruction: 1) {{c1::Nasopharyngeal}} (e.g., choanal atresia, rhabdomyosarcoma,…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c1::Choanal atresia}} is congenital occlusion of the choanae in the {{c2::posterior::anterior or posterior}} nasal cavity.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayChoanal atresia can be {{c1::osseous::30%}}, {{c2::membranous::<1%}}, or {{c3::mixed::70%}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayChoanal atresia is most commonly associated with {{c1::CHARGE}} syndrome
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c2::Pyriform aperture stenosis}} is a rare but potentially lethal cause of congenital upper airway obstruction that may cli…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayPyriform aperture stenosis is caused by early {{c2::fusion}} and {{c3::hypertrophy}} of the {{c1::maxillary}}/{{c1::medial}} …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayPyriform aperture stenosis is associated with {{c3::holoprosencephaly::forebrain malformation}}, central {{c1::incisor tooth}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayKey imaging features of pyriform aperture stenosis: 1) Overgrowth and {{c5::medial}} displacement of the {{c1::maxillary…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayJuvenile nasopharyngeal {{c2::angiofibroma}} is a highly vascular, benign hamartomatous sinonasal lesion seen in adolescent {…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayThe primary differential for juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is nasal {{c1::rhabdomyosarcoma}}, which also causes {{c2::…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c1::Nasal rhabdomyosarcoma}} is the most common childhood soft tissue sarcoma.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c1::Croup}} is a self-limited infection usually caused by {{c4::parainfluenza::specific organism}} that presents with a cha…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayCroup presents similarly to {{c4::bronchiolitis}} and typically affects children ages {{c1::6}} months to {{c2::4}} years, pe…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayCase: Frontal radiograph in childYellow arrows: {{c4::Symmetric}} narrowing of the {{c5::subglottic}} trachea (aka {{c1:…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayThe {{c1::steeple}} sign is seen on a {{c2::frontal}} view radiograph and represents loss of the normal {{c4::shouldering}} o…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c1::Epiglottitis}} is infectious inflammation of the epiglottis.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c1::Epiglottitis::infection}} is an airway emergency because the airway can obstruct without warning.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayModern cases of epiglottitis are commonly seen in {{c1::teens::age group}} or {{c2::immunocompromised::high risk group}} indi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayClassic imaging findings of epiglottitis include thickening of the {{c1::epiglottis}} (aka thumbprint sign) and {{c2::ar…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayCase: Lateral neck radiographYellow arrow: Thickening of the {{c3::epiglottis}} aka {{c1::Thumbprint}} signDiagnosi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayIn epiglottitis, swelling of the {{c1::aryepiglottic folds}} leads to airway obstruction.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c1::Omega}} epiglottis is an apparently thickened normal epiglottis when imaged at an {{c2::oblique}} angle.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c1::Retropharyngeal abscess::infection}} is a common cause of nontraumatic prevertebral soft tissue swelling in children, t…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayIn general, the prevertebral soft tissues should not exceed half the vertebral body width at {{c1::C1}} to {{c1::C3}}, and on…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayEffacement of the normal subglottic step-off between {{c1::C4–C5::vertebrae}} is concerning for {{c2::retropharyngeal abscess…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayPrevertebral pseudothickening can be seen if a radiograph is obtained with poor {{c1::inspiration}} or neck {{c2::flexion::fl…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayThe differential for nontraumatic prevertebral swelling includes retropharyngeal {{c1::cellulitis}}, {{c3::lymphoma::neoplasm…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayRetropharyngeal {{c1::cellulitis}} appears similar to retropharyngeal {{c2::abscess}} on radiography, but no {{c3::drainable …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c1::Air}} within a retropharyngeal abscess is rare unless a foreign body has perforated the {{c2::esophagus}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayComplications of retropharyngeal abscess include {{c1::Lemierre}} syndrome and {{c2::mediastinitis}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayExudative {{c1::tracheitis}} may present with fever, stridor, and potentially life-threatening respiratory distress (similar …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayThe most common cause of exudative tracheitis is {{c1::staph aureus::specific organism}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayIn {{c4::exudative tracheitis}}, the {{c1::candle dripping}} sign describes {{c2::linear::shape}} filling defects caused by i…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayMost aspirated foreign bodies are radio{{c1::lucent}}, thus secondary signs of {{c2::air-trapping}} can be helpful in diagnos…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayIn foreign body aspiration, {{c1::decubitus}} view radiographs demonstrate persistent {{c2::expansion::collapse or expansion}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayIn foreign body aspiration, the affected lung will be radio{{c3::lucent}} and {{c1::hyper}}inflated with {{c2::atelectasis}} …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayInitial imaging evaluation for vascular causes of stridor is typically with {{c1::barium esophagram}}, followed by {{c2:…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayA vascular {{c4::ring}} is complete encircling of the {{c1::trachea}} and {{c1::esophagus}} by the {{c2::aortic arch}} or {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayThe {{c1::pulmonary artery sling}} is the only vascular anomaly that causes {{c2::stridor}} in a patient with a normal (left)…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c1::Double aortic arch}} is the most common vascular ring, which encircle both the trachea and esophagus, sometimes causing…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayIn double aortic arch, the {{c1::right}} arch is usually {{c2::superior}} and {{c2::larger}} than the {{c1::left}} arch.&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayThe second most common vascular ring is a {{c1::right}} aortic arch with an aberrant {{c3::left}} {{c2::subclavian}} artery.&…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayRight arch with aberrant left subclavian (non-mirror image branching): Right arch indents the anterior {{c1::trachea}}Ab…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayMore than 90% of patients with right aortic arch with mirror image branching have associated {{c1::intracardiac}} defects.&nb…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayRight aortic arch with mirror image branching can become a vascular ring when the {{c1::ligamentum arteriosum}} extends betwe…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayA pulmonary artery sling usually only traps the {{c1::trachea}}, but occasionally the right {{c2::bronchus intermedius::airwa…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayPulmonary artery sling is usually associated with tracheal anomalies including {{c2::tracheomalacia}} and {{c1::bronchus suis…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayPulmonary artery sling can create a “{{c2::ring-sling}}” complex, where there are complete {{c1::cartilaginous}} rings.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayA {{c2::left}} aortic arch with an aberrant {{c2::right}} {{c3::subclavian}} artery does not cause {{c4::stridor}}, but when …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c1::Innominate artery}} syndrome is compression of the anterior {{c2::trachea}} by the large {{c3::thymus}} in infants.&nbs…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayDouble aortic arch causes {{c1::posterior}} esophageal impression and {{c2::anterior}} tracheal impression.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayLeft aortic arch with aberrant right subclavian artery causes {{c1::posterior}} esophageal impression and {{c2::no anter…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayPulmonary artery sling causes {{c1::anterior}} esophageal impression and {{c2::posterior}} tracheal impression
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayRight arch with aberrant left subclavian artery causes {{c1::posterior}} esophageal impression and {{c2::anterior}} tracheal …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayCase: Axial non-contrast CTYellow arrows: {{c3::Medial}} bowing of the thickened lateral {{c2::nasal walls::structure}}Other …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayCase: Axial non-contrast CTYellow arrows: Thickening and medialization of the {{c3::nasal processes::structure}} of the {{c2:…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayCase: Axial contrast-enhanced CT (L), Axial fat-suppressed post-contrast T1-weighted MRI at higher level (R)Yellow arrows: Os…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayCase: Frontal neck radiographYellow arrow: {{c3::Asymmetric}} narrowing of the {{c2::subglottic}} tracheaDiagnosis:&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayCase: Lateral neck radiographYellow arrows: Thickened {{c1::prevertebral ::location}} tissuesDiagnosis: {{c2::Retro…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayCase: Inspiratory CT (L), Expiratory CT (R) in adult with mild emphysemaYellow arrow: Excessive tracheal {{c1::collapse}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayCHARGE Syndrome:C{{c2::oloboma}}H{{c3::eart}} defectsAtresia of {{c1::choanae}}R{{c4::etardation}} of developmentG{{c5::…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayUpper airway obstruction above the level of the trachea can be secondary to {{c1::congenital}}, {{c2::neoplastic}}, or {{c3::…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayJuvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma typically originates at the {{c1::sphenopalatine}} foramen and spreads into the {{c2::na…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayNasal {{c2::rhabdomyosarcoma}} is a highly {{c1::aggressive}} childhood soft tissue sarcoma most commonly involving the head …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayEpiglottitis is frequently associated with {{c1::caustic}} ingestion and {{c2::smoke}} inhalation.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayRetropharyngeal cellulitis is most commonly secondary to severe cellulitis or {{c1::tonsillitis}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayAn Omega epiglottis is associated with {{c1::normal::normal or abnormal}} aryepiglottic folds.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayIn foreign body aspiration, mediastinal shift will be {{c1::away::toward or away}} from the affected side.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c1::Pulmonary artery sling}} is the only vascular anomaly to cause an anterior esophageal impression on lateral radiog…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayA vascular {{c3:: sling}} refers to an anomalous {{c1::left pulmonary}} artery that arises aberrantly from the {{c1…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayCase: Frontal chest radiograph in patient with stridor Yellow arrow: {{c1::Right aortic arch::Diagnosis}}
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Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayCroup is a clinical diagnosis. The purpose of radiography is to evaluate for other causes of {{c1::stridor}}, particularly if…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayThe steeple sign is seen on frontal view radiograph, on lateral view there may be "{{c1::ballooning}}" of the {{c2::hypophary…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayCase: Frontal neck radiograph in childYellow arrows: {{c1::Convex::Convex/Concave}} "{{c2::shouldering}}" of the {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayEpiglottitis is very rare in the era of {{c1::Haemophilus influenzae}} immunization, historically used to present around the …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayIn work-up of retropharyngeal abscess, {{c2::airway fluoroscopy}} may obviate the need for CT by viewing effacement of the {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayIf retropharyngeal swelling is seen on radiograph, {{c1::CT}} is usually necessary to determine the nature of the swelli…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Airway{{c1::Lemierre}} syndrome is a complication of retropharyngeal infection and is defined as {{c2::internal jugular}} vein…
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Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayPHACES Syndrome:P{{c1::osterior fossa}} malformationH{{c2::emangiomas}}A{{c3::rterial}} anomaliesC{{c4::oarctation/…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayAcquired causes of tracheobronchomalacia include secondary to {{c1::intubation::iatrogenic}}, {{c2::infection}} or chronic {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayRings and slings are important {{c1::vascular}} causes of {{c2::stridor}} in infancy and childhood
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayAn important clue to a vascular cause of stridor is a {{c1::right}}-sided aortic arch visualized on frontal radiograph
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayThe three most important vascular causes of stridor that will show abnormality on lateral radiograph are:- {{c1::Double aorti…
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Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayName the vascular cause of stridor in the R diagram compared to normal (L): {{c1::Double aortic arch}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayName the vascular cause of stridor in the R diagram compared to normal (L): {{c1::Right arch with aberrant L subclavian arter…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayName the vascular cause of stridor in the R diagram compared to normal (L): {{c1::Pulmoary sling}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayName the vascular cause of dysphagia in the R diagram compared to normal (L): {{c1::Left aortic arch with aberrant right subc…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayName the vascular cause of possible airway symptoms in the R diagram compared to normal (L): {{c1::Innominate artery}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayName the vascular anomaly, compared to normal anatomy:{{c1::Double aortic arch}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayName the vascular anomaly, compared to normal anatomy:{{c1::Right arch with aberrant left subclavian artery}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayName the vascular anomaly, compared to normal anatomy:{{c1::Pulmonary sling}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayName the vascular anomaly, compared to normal anatomy:{{c1::Left aortic arch with aberrant right subclavian artery}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayIn work-up of double aortic arch, the goal of the radiologist is to determine which arch is {{c1::dominant}} (typically with …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayWhich of the following is more common, typically asymptomatic and does not form a ring?{{c1::not this one::this one?}}- Right…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayWhat is the difference between a right aortic arch with mirroring and right aortic arch without mirroring?Right aortic arch w…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayFindings of double aortic arch and R aortic arch with aberrant L subclavian artery are not reliably distinguishable…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayOf the vascular rings/slings, which anomalously courses between the trachea and esophagus?{{c1::Pulmonary sling}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayWhat is the only vascular cause of stridor in a patient with left arch with normal branching pattern?{{c1::Pulmonar…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayA left aortic arch with an aberrant right subclavian artery {{c2::is not::is/is not}} a ring or sling because the {{c4::ligam…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayIn innominate artery syndrome, is the innominate artery normal?{{c1::YES}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayDoes innominate artery syndrome for a vascular ring?{{c1::NO}}
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Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: AirwayExudative tracheitis usually occurs in children ages {{c1::6–10::range}} years
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