Notes in Cells & DNA

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Published	09/09/2023	DNA = {{c1::deoxyribonucleic}} acid- made up of two strands that are coiled around one another in a double helix- nucleotides (aka. {{c4::nucleobases}…
Published	09/09/2023	packaging of DNA- two strands coil around each other once every {{c1::10::#}} base pairs- double helix wraps twice around each group of 8 {{c2::histon…
Published	09/09/2023	replication of DNA - overview:- normally, DNA exists in loose state in nucleus, but become more organized in preparation for cellular division - …
Published	08/31/2023	DNA replication- cell cycle:→ interphase: subphases G1, S and G2, cell is preparing for division*S phase: DNA {{c2::replication}} (three steps..IET)→ …
Published	08/31/2023	Gene {{c1::expression}} is process of decoding information stored in DNA in order for the cell to make {{c2::proteins}} → transcription: RNA {{c3…
Published	08/30/2023	DNA repair- if DNA gets damaged, the cell can enter a special phase outside cell cycle... the {{c1::G0}} phase (where DNA mechanisms try to fix d…
Published	09/09/2023	single stranded DNA damage & repair- can be due to endogenous cases (errors in DNA replication) or exogenous factors (harmful chemical or physical…
Published	09/09/2023	double stranded DNA damage & repair- {{c2::ionizing}} radiation (x-rays, gamma rays) break phosphate backbones*double-strand breaks... the most {{…
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::G1}} of interphase: - longest phase of cell cycle- cell grows and organelles do normal business → G1 checkpoint: cell cycle control point w…
Published	08/31/2023	mitosis{{c1::karyokinesis}}: separating the replicated DNA in two distinct nuclei{{c2::cytokinesis}}: separation of the daughter cells into two distin…
Published	09/09/2023	extracellular matrix- epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue have unique composition of ECM- all different types of ECM is made up three…
Published	09/09/2023	collagen*most common structural protein ion the body (part of ECM)four types of collagen....each found in different tissues of body:I - "Be So Totally…
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Published	09/09/2023	Just note categories, dw abt structure
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::interphase}} is the usual cellular day-to-day activities, including growth, protein synthesis, making new organelles, etc.{{c2::G1}}: first phas…
Published	09/09/2023	mitosisprophase- chromatin fibers {{c2::condense}} → untangle to fordm individual chromosomes- centrosomes located opposite to one another just outsid…
Published	09/01/2023	meiosis- formation of {{c1::gametes}}, which have only one set of 23 chromosomes and are considered {{c2::haploid}} cells*when gametes fuse → 46 …
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Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::lysosomes::organelle}} assist with recycling
Published	09/09/2023	The {{c1::endomembrane}} system is different membrane that divide cell into function and structural compartments → nuclear membrane, ER, golgi, vesicl…
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Ribosomes}} synthesize proteins {{c2::RER}} processes proteins (fold, assemble, modify) for optimal {{c3::structure}}, for transport, and/or fo…
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Published	08/31/2023	elastin is very important in {{c1::lungs::organ}}
Published	08/31/2023	Humans have {{c1::23}} pairs chromosomes {{c1::(46 chromosomes total)}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Telomere}}: ends of chromosomes. Short repeated sequence that shortens with each {{c4::cell division}}. Short telomeres make chromosomes unstabl…
Published	09/01/2023	Generation of genetic diversity: {{c1::crossover}} occurs during meiosis, specifically in {{c2::pachytene}} stage of prophase
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Published	09/09/2023	Translocation between chromosomes {{c1::9}} & {{c1::22}} leads to {{c2::leukemia}} *specifically CML... treatment: {{c3::Gleevec}} (Imatinib)…
Published	09/01/2023	Imatinib (Gleevec)- a one a day pill- works by inhibiting Bcr-Abl {{c1::kinase}} made only in CML cells*since blood cells turnover, when all mutant ce…
Published	08/31/2023	ATP has two high energy {{c1::anhydride}} bonds
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Phosphodiester}} bond is between two adjacent nucleotides in a single-stranded nucleic acid{{c2::Glycosidic}} bond is in glycogen (a glucose pol…
Published	08/31/2023	Anti-Viral Therapy for HIV• incorporation of {{c1::nucleotides}} lacking the 3’-OH group → leads to chain termination*chain termination is also used f…
Published	09/09/2023	topoisomerase (only in Eukaryotes) relieve supercoiling:- Topoisomerase {{c1::I}}: cuts one DNA strand, relieves strain, and reattaches (ligates) the …
Published	08/31/2023	Treatment for anthrax exposure is a 60-day treatment with antibiotics: {{c1::ciprofloxacin}}, doxycycline, and levofloxacin are approved for adults an…
Published	08/31/2023	Replisome• Helicase – unwinds DNA • Primase – makes RNA primer • DNA polymerases I and III • Ligase – seals DNA • {{c1::Gyrase}} – reduces topological…
Published	09/03/2023	Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)- removes significant {{c1::distortions}} in DNA helix (some caused by thymidine dimers formed by UV radiation)- excis…
Published	09/09/2023	Tumor Suppressor Protein p53*regulates cell cycle arrest - accumulation and activation of p53:→ activates & sustains DNA {{c2::repair}} compl…
Published	08/31/2023	amino acidsserine, threonine, tyrosine: candidates for {{c1::phosphorylation}} because they have -OH group{{c2::aromatic}} AAs: phenylalanine, ty…
Published	09/13/2023	disulfide bond (S-S):- between 2 {{c1::cysteine}} residues- oxidizing env. promoties disulfide bonds*cytosol = reducing env → promotes -SH groups&nbsp…
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::methionine}} is first AA incorporated into eukaryotic proteins {{c1::formyl-methionine}} is first AA incorporated into bacterial proteins&n…
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Published	08/31/2023	Single nucleotide mutations in protein-coding regions: - {{c1::silent}} mutation → no change - similar amino acid → {{c2::minimal}} effect - diff…
Published	08/31/2023	hydroxyurea- increases {{c9::fetal}} Hgb synthesis *good treatment for {{c10::sickle cell}} disease- very toxic drug that works multiple mechanis…
Published	09/09/2023	post-translational modifications{{c1::phosphorylation}}: add phosphate group to a –OH group in some amino acids (serine, threonine, tyrosine)→ alters …
Published	10/05/2023	{{c1::mitosis}} gives rise to daughter cells that are almost identical to the parent cell in terms of their genetic information.in {{c2::meiosis}}, th…
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