Notes in pediatric

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Published	12/13/2024	Child's eye.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Retinoblastoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Ewing sarcoma}} is a malignant tumor of {{c2::neuroectodermal}} differentiation that is often arises in the {{c3::bone}} (an…
Published	12/13/2024	A classic immunohistochemistry panel for a small round blue cell tumor in a pediatric patient would include:1. {{c1::CD45}}.2. {{c1::TdT}}.3. {{c1::CK…
Published	12/13/2024	An Ewing sarcoma typically will display the following immunohistochemistry panel staining:1. CD45 = {{c1::negative}}.2. TdT = {{c1::negative}}.3. CK A…
Published	12/13/2024	A leukemia/lymphoma typically will display the following immunohistochemistry panel staining:1. CD45 = {{c1::positive}}.2. TdT = {{c1::positive/n…
Published	12/13/2024	A rhabdomyosarcoma typically will display the following immunohistochemistry panel staining:1. CD45 = {{c1::negative}}.2. TdT = {{c1::negati…
Published	12/13/2024	A Wilms tumor typically will display the following immunohistochemistry panel staining:1. CD45 = {{c1::negative}}.2. TdT = {{c1::negative}}.…
Published	12/13/2024	A neuroblastoma typically will display the following immunohistochemistry panel staining:1. CD45 = {{c1::negative}}.2. TdT = {{c1::negative}…
Published	12/13/2024	A desmoplastic round cell tumor typically will display the following immunohistochemistry panel staining:1. CD45 = {{c1::negative}}.2. TdT =…
Published	12/13/2024	Peritoneal mass from a young male.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Desmoplastic small round cell tumor}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Desmoplastic round blue cell tumors have a characteristic {{c1::EWSR1–WT1 translocation}} (genetic alteration).
Published	12/13/2024	Desmoplastic round cell tumors are a malignant tumor of {{c2::uncertain}} histogenesis often found in the {{c1::peritoneal cavity}} (an…
Published	12/13/2024	The most common genetic alterations found in Ewing sarcoma are (genes and chromosomal location):1. {{c1::EWRS1-FLI1 t(11;22) [85%]}}.2. {{c2::EWRS1-ER…
Published	12/13/2024	Wilms tumor (aka {{c1::nephroblastoma}}) is composed of 3 key elements:1. {{c2::Primitive epithelial tubules}}.2. {{c3::Blastema (sheets of small…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic featues or a desmoplastic small round cell tumor include:1. {{c2::Nests}} of small round blue cells (architecture).2. {{c1::Desmoplast…
Published	12/13/2024	The components of a Wilms tumor have the following immunohistochemistry positivity:1. Primitive epithelial tubules = {{c1::CK AE1/AE3}}, {{c1::WT…
Published	12/13/2024	Pediatric kidney.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Wilms tumor}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Retroperitoneal lesion from a 13-year-old male.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Approximately {{c1::85}}% of tumors with an {{c2::alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma}} morphology demonstrate a genetic fusion between {{c3…
Published	12/13/2024	2 year old girl with polypoid vaginal mass, appearing to emanate from the cervix.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Unlike alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, {{c1::embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma}} {{c2::do NOT}} have {{c3::FOXO/PAX}} fusions (genetic a…
Published	12/13/2024	What key feature of an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is shown?{{c1::Rhabdomyoblasts  (high N:C, brightly eosinophilic/rhabdoid cytoplasmic…
Published	12/13/2024	2-year-old male with a retroperitoneal mass.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular}}.
Published	12/13/2024	2-year-old male with a retroperitoneal mass.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular}}.
Published	12/13/2024	9-year-old male with a history of a multifocal tumor of the abdominal cavity.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Desmoplastic small round cell tumor}}.
Published	12/13/2024	A unique immunohistochemical feature of {{c1::desmoplastic small round cell tumors}} are that they only demonstrate {{c3::nuclear}}&nbs…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a desmoplastic small round cell tumor include:1. {{c3::Interconnecting and coalescing nests}} of tumor cells (architecture…
Published	12/13/2024	4-year-old female with an abdominal mass.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Immature teratoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	5-day-old female born at 31 weeks gestation who was found to have retroperitoneal/abdominal mass.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Infantile fibrosarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Focally positive}} immunohistochemistry stains (results) that could help support the infantile fibrosarcoma include:1. {{c2::SMA}}.2. {{c2:…
Published	12/13/2024	Infantile fibrosarcomas are characterized by genetic alterations involving {{c1::ETV6-NTRK3 }} fusions, seen as {{c2::t(12;15)(p13…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of an infantile fibrosarcoma include:1. {{c1::Highly}} cellular.2. Infiltrating {{c2::monomorphic}} {{c3::spindle}} cells wit…
Published	12/13/2024	Congenital cardiac anomaly with routine thymectomy during repair.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Cystic Hassall corpuscles}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Thymus from patients with {{c1::Trisomy 21}} often show:1. {{c2::Cystic}} Hassall corpuscles.2. {{c3::Prominent tingible body macrophages}},…
Published	12/13/2024	5-month-old male with a subcutaneous mass near the elbow.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Fibrous Hamartoma of Infancy}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Fibrous hamartoma of infancy frequently show genetic alteration involving {{c3::insertions/duplications}} in exon {{c2::20}} of&nb…
Published	12/13/2024	Immunohistochemistry for {{c1::SMA}} can be positive in the mature {{c2::fibroblastic/myofibrobastic}} component of fibrous hamart…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a fibrous hamartoma of infancy include:1. {{c5::Poorly}} circumscribed {{c6::subcutaneous}} mass (anatomical lcoation).2. …
Published	12/13/2024	A single umbilical artery placenta is associated with increased risk of {{c1::cardiac}}, {{c2::skeletal muscle}}, and {{c3::renal}}&nbs…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic layers of the placenta from fetal surface to maternal surface include:1. {{c1::Amnion}}.2. {{c2::Chorion (fetal blood vessels branchin…
Published	12/13/2024	The placental {{c1::chorionic plate}} is composed of the {{c2::amnion}} and {{c3::chorion}}.
Published	12/13/2024	A {{c2::seccenturiate/accessory lobe}} placenta is composed of a primary and smaller lobe connected to the primary disc by {{c1::membra…
Published	12/13/2024	Gross findings of {{c1::white plaques}} on the placental fetal surface generally represent {{c2::subchorionic fibrin deposition}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Umbilical cord insertion into the placenta should be grossly classified as:1. {{c1::Central}}.2. {{c2::Eccentric}}.3. {{c3::Marginal (< 2 cm from m…
Published	12/13/2024	The normal umbilical cord coils {{c1::1}}-{{c1::2}} times every {{c2::5}} cm.
Published	12/13/2024	The number of umbilical cord coils is proportional to {{c1::fetal movement}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Placental membranes are normally {{c1::pale tan}} (color) and {{c2::translucent}} (transparent/transclucent/opague).
Published	12/13/2024	Placental membranes that are {{c1::green}}-stained are often indicative of {{c2::meconium}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Placental membranes that are {{c1::brown}}-stained are often indicative of {{c2::hemosiderin}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Placental membrane.Arrow 1 indicate?{{c1::Amnion}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Placental membrane.Arrow 2 indicates?{{c1::Artifactual space}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Placental membrane.Arrow 3 indicates?{{c1::Chorion}}.
Published	12/13/2024	A normal umbilical cord contains vasculature with:a) {{c1::2 arteries}}.b) {{c1::1 vein}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Funisitis}} is the {{c4::fetal}} response (fetal/maternal) to infection and involves {{c3::acute}} inflammation of the&…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Chorioamnionitis}} is the {{c4::maternal}} response (fetal/maternal) to infection and involves {{c3::acute}} inflammati…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Acute placental villitis}} is strongly associated with maternal {{c1::bacteremia}} and is characterized microscopically by {…
Published	12/13/2024	Common pathogens that cause acute placental villitis include:1. {{c1::Listeria}}. 2. {{c2::Group B Streptococcus}}.3. {{c3::Syphilis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Special stains for cases of acute placental villitis include:1. {{c1::Gram stain}}.2. {{c2::Silver stain (Syphilis)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Full thickness placental cross-section.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Acute villitis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Chronic placental villits}} microscopically appears as {{c2::dilated}} placental villi filled with mostly {{c3::histiocytes}…
Published	12/13/2024	Chronic placental villitis is either caused by:1. "{{c1::Villitis of unknown etiology}}"/{{c1::abnormal T cell activation to fetal antigens}} ({{c2::9…
Published	12/13/2024	Additional special stains/immunohistochemistry to workup cases of chronic placental villitis include:1. {{c1::CMV IHC}}.2. {{c2::Gram stain}}.3. …
Published	12/13/2024	Full thickness placental section.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Chronic placental villitis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Fetal capillary rupture}} is intravillous hemorrhage that occurs secondary to placental {{c2::trauma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Placental full thickness cross-ection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Fetal capillary rupture}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Placenta creta}} microscopically will show {{c2::decidua}} that are {{c3::deficient}} or {{c3::absent}}, at least …
Published	12/13/2024	Placenta creta are further classified as:1. Placenta {{c1::accreta}} -> villi {{c2::directly touch myometrial surface}}.2. Placenta {{c1::increta}}…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Maternal fetal malperfusion}} is a pathological process caused by {{c7::maternal}} medical conditions that result in chronic subo…
Published	12/13/2024	Maternal vascular malperfusion can be associated with gross findings of:1. {{c1::Small}} placenta.2. {{c2::Infarction}}.3. {{c3::Retroplacen…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Placental chorangiosis}} is {{c2::fetal capillary}} proliferation defined by the "rule of 10s" microscopically:1. >{{c3::10}} …
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Placental chorangiosis}} is a localized response to {{c2::maternal hypoxia}} that is seen with:1. {{c3::High-altitude}}.2. {{c4::…
Published	12/13/2024	Full-thickness placenta section from a patient with pre-eclampsia.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Chorangiosis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Retroplacental hemorrhage}} is the pathlogic term for the clinical entity of {{c2::placental abruption}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Placental retroplacental hemorrhage is microscopically characterized by:1. Blood accumulation {{c4::beneath}} or {{c4::dissecting}} the {{c4::decidua}…
Published	12/13/2024	The amniotic fluid infection sequence usually results from an {{c2::ascending infection}} after clinical event of {{c1::premature ruptu…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c3::Perivillous placental fibrin}} is microscopically characterized by:1. Deposition of {{c1::fibrin BETWEEN intact villi}}.2. Abnormal in term…
Published	12/13/2024	Complete thickness placental section from a term pregnancy.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Perivillous placental fibrin}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Immature}} terminal villi are depicted.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Mature}} terminal villi are depicted.
Published	12/13/2024	Abnormally {{c1::increased}} villous maturation is associated with {{c2::placental ischemia}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic differences between immature and mature terminal villi include:1. Size: {{c1::larger}} VS {{c1::smaller}}.2. Celularity: {{c2::more}} …
Published	12/13/2024	Umbilical cord. Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Single umbilical artery}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The most common umbilical abnormality is a {{c1::single umbilical artery}} which occurs in approximately 1 in {{c2::250}} pregnanc…
Published	12/13/2024	A single umbilical artery may be associated {{c1::trisomy 18}} (genetic syndrome).
Published	12/13/2024	Umbilical cord and membrane roll.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Funisitis, stage 2}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Placental full thickness section.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Retroplacental hemorrhage}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Lower limb, slowly growing soft tissue mass in a young adult.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Clear cell sarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Immunohistochemistry findings that support clear cell sarcoma include expression of {{c1::melanocytic}} markers ({{c1::S100}}, {{c1::HM…
Published	12/13/2024	Genetic alterations associated with clear cell sarcoma includes {{c1::EWSR1 rearrangement}} or {{c1::EWSR1-ATF1 fusion}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Clear cell sarcoma is a {{c1::highly aggressive}} malignancy with a {{c1::poor}} prognosis.
Published	12/13/2024	Bone lesion from a 14 year-old male.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Ewing sarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Retroperitoneal lesion from a adolescent male.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Desmoplastic small round cell tumor}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Small bowel resection from a 5 year-old female.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Cystic fibrosis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Renal mass in a 6-month-old female.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Renal rhabdoid tumor}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Genetic alterations associated with renal rhaboid tumors include:1. {{c1::SMARCB1 inactivation/INI-1 loss}} ({{c2::95}}% cases).2. {{c1::SMARCA4 inact…
Published	12/13/2024	The best immunohistochemistry tests to support the diagnosis of a renal rhaboid tumor include:1. {{c1::INI-1 loss}} = {{c2::SMARCB1 inactivation}…
Published	12/13/2024	Renal rhaboid tumors have a {{c1::very poor}} prognosis with an {{c1::80}}% mortality rate.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of renal rhabdoid tumors include:1. Poorly cohesive {{c6::sheets}} (architecture).2. Different patterns: Solid, sclerosi…
Published	12/13/2024	Congenital anomalies are {{c1::anatomic}} defects that are present at {{c2::birth}}, but do NOT necessarily have {{c3::genetic}}&n…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Malformations}} are congenital anomalies that result from {{c2::primary/intrinsic}} errors of organ or tissue morphogenisis.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Disruptions}} are congenital anomalies that result from {{c2::secondary destruction}} of an organ or tissue that was pr…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Deformations}} are congenital anomalies that result from {{c2::secondary destruction}} of an organ or tissue that was p…
Published	12/13/2024	What 2 malformations are present in the stillborn fetus?1. {{c1::Polydactyly (one or more extra digits)}}.2. {{c1::Syndactyly (fusion of digits)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	A {{c1::sequence}} is a cascade of congenital anomalies triggered by a {{c2::single}} initiating aberration.
Published	12/13/2024	Common causes of oligohydraminos include:1. {{c1::Rupture of fetal membranes -> chronic amniotic fluid leakage}} (most common).2. {{c2::Renal agene…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Oligohydraminos/Potter}} sequence involves the following fetal anomalies:1. {{c2::Amnion nodosum}} (secondary to {{c5::oligohydramnios}}).2…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Agenesis}} refers to the complete {{c2::absence}} of an {{c2::organ}} and its associated {{c2::primordium}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Aplasia}} refers to the complete {{c2::absence}} of an {{c2::organ}} due the failure of {{c2::primordium growth}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Atresia}} refers to the {{c2::absence}} of an {{c2::opening}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Congenital anomalies are broadly grouped into 3 main categories:1. {{c1::Genetic}}.2. {{c1::Environmental}}.3. {{c1::Multifactorial}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Term detal demise.Gross findings are suggestive of what classic congenital anomaly?{{c1::Oligohydraminos/Potter sequence}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Thalidomide is classically associated with congenital anomalies involving {{c1::limb malformations}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c3::Fetal alcohol syndrome}} has the key following clinical features:1. {{c1::Growth restriction}}.2. {{c2::Facial anomalies}} ({{c2::microceph…
Published	12/13/2024	The embryo/fetus is most susceptible to teratogenesis between {{c1::3}}-{{c1::9}} weeks gestation (during {{c1::organogenesis}}).
Published	12/13/2024	The {{c1::embryonic period}} of development occurs between {{c2::1}} - {{c2::8}} weeks gestation, while the {{c1::f…
Published	12/13/2024	The 3 major categories of abnormalities that can cause fetal growth restiction/small-for-gestational-age are:1. {{c1::Maternal}} (most common).2. {{c1…
Published	12/13/2024	Maternal conditions that can cause fetal growth restiction/small-for-gestational-age generally result in decreased placental blood flow, whi…
Published	12/13/2024	Fetal conditions that can cause fetal growth restiction/small-for-gestational-age {{c4::intrinsically}} reduce growth potential de…
Published	12/13/2024	Infants who are small-for-gestational age due to fetal factors usually have {{c1::symmetric}} growth restriction.
Published	12/13/2024	Placental causes of fetal growth restriction tend to result in {{c1::asymmetric}} growth restriction with relative sparing of the {{c1:…
Published	12/13/2024	Fetal and perinatal infections are generally acquired by {{c1::transcervical/ascending}} OR {{c1::transplacentally/hematologic}} r…
Published	12/13/2024	The severity of chorioamnionitis {{c1::does NOT}} correlate with severity of fetal infection.
Published	12/13/2024	Perinatal sepsis can be grouped based on time of onset as:1. Early onset ({{c1::birth}} to {{c1::7 days}}).2. Late onset ({{c1::7 days}} to {{c1::3 mo…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Group B Streptococcus}} is the most common casue of early-onset neonatal sepsis.
Published	12/13/2024	Major risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis include:1. {{c1::Prematurity (incidence inversely proportional to gestational age)}}.2. {{c1::Enteral…
Published	12/13/2024	The fundamental pathophysiology of necrotizing enterocolitis includes:{{c1::Compromised mucsal barrier functions}} -> {{c1::transluminal migration …
Published	12/13/2024	Necrotizing enetrocolitis can involve any part of the intestine but typically involves {{c1::terminal ileum}}-to-{{c1::right colon}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Small bowel from a premature neonate.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Necrotizing enterocolitis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c3::Neonatal repiratory distress syndrome}} is also known as {{c1::hyaline membrane}} disease and involves the funamental defect is&n…
Published	12/13/2024	Lung tissue at autopsy from a deceased premature neonate that had difficult breathing.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Hyaline membrane disease}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Lungs from a a case of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome will have the following key gross findings:1. {{c1::Red-purple}} in color (similar to li…
Published	12/13/2024	Major risk factors for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome include:1. {{c1::Prematurity}} (most important).2. Maternal {{c2::diabetes}}.3. {{c3::Ma…
Published	12/13/2024	The 2 major complications of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome are:1. {{c1::Retinopathy of prematurity}}.2. {{c2::Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (dec…
Published	12/13/2024	Retinopathy of prematurity has two-phase pathogenesis which includes:1. Phase 1: Hyperoxic treatment -> {{c2::decreased}} {{c1::VEGF}} -> {{c3::…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Fetal hydrops}} is the {{c2::acummulation of edema fluid}} in the {{c3::fetus}} during intrauterine growth.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Heterotopia}} or {{c2::choristoma}} is {{c3::normal tissue in an abnormal location}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Hamartomas}} are {{c2::excessive, focal overgrowth of native cells and tissue}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The most common neoplasms of childhood are {{c1::soft-tissue}} tumors of {{c1::mesenchymal}} differentiation.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Hemangiomas}} are the most common tumors of infancy.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Sacrococcygeal teratomas}} are the most common teratoma of childhood, accounting for >{{c2::40}}% of cases.
Published	12/13/2024	Clinical finding on a well-child.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Hemangioma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The 2 peaks of incidence for pediatric teratomas are:1. {{c1::2}} years-of-age.2. {{c2::Late adolescence}}-to-{{c2::early adulthood}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Stillborn autopsy.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Sacrococcygeal teratoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The malignant potential of teratomas correlates with the amount of {{c1::immature tissue}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Gross examination of the umbilical cord should include:1. {{c1::Measurements (length, diameter, coiling)}}.2. {{c2::Number of vessels}}.3. {{c3::Type …
Published	12/13/2024	Gross examination of the fetal membranes should include:1. {{c1::Completeness (complete vs incomplete}}.2. {{c2::Translucency}}.3. {{c3::Col…
Published	12/13/2024	Fetal surface of the placental disc.What gross finding is depicted?{{c1::Amnion nodosum (multiple, white, well-circumscribed nodules on amnion surface…
Published	12/13/2024	The gross finding of {{c2::amnion nodosum}} are composed of {{c3::fetal skin}} and are most commonly assoicated with severe and pr…
Published	12/13/2024	The gross finding of {{c1::squamous metaplasia}} can be differentiated from {{c2::amnion nodosum}} by the fact that&nbsp…
Published	12/13/2024	What gross finding is depicted on the placenta disc?{{c1::Yolk sac remnant}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Cut placental surface.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Chorangioma (most common placental tumor ~1% placentas)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Membrane insertion into the placental disk should be described as:1. {{c1::Marginal/Normal}}.2. {{c2::Circummarginate (membranes insert towards center…
Published	12/13/2024	Proximal umbilical cord.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Allantoic duct remnant}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Allantoic duct remnant}} found in umbilical cord sections represents primitive extraembryonic {{c3::urinary bladder}} and is located b…
Published	12/13/2024	The allantoic duct remnant found in umbilical cord sections will eventually become the {{c1::urachus}} (connection between fe…
Published	12/13/2024	Plcental membrane roll.Most likley diagnosis?{{c1::Decidual arteriopathy (fibrinoid necrosis with or without foam cells)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Decidual arteriopathy is associated with with {{c1::maternal vascular malperfusion (e.g. hypertension, autoimmune diseases, and pre-eclampsia)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of severe decidual arteriopathy include:1. {{c1::Fibrinoid necrosis}} of spiral arterioles (deposition of {{c1::eosinoph…
Published	12/13/2024	Membrane roll from a post-term neonate.Key microscopic finding?{{c1::Meconium-laden macrophages in membranes}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Placental disc section of a well-circumscribed nodule.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Chorangioma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Placental disc.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Chronic villitis (mostly histiocytes with scattered lymphocytes in villi)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Umbilical cord. 1. Most likely diagnosis?2. Key association?1. {{c1::Peripheral funisitis}}.2. {{c1::Candida infection (get PASd)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Umbilical cord.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Acute funisitis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Acute funisitis is staged based on:1. Stage 1 – {{c1::Subchorionic vasculitis}} OR {{c1::umbilical vein}}.2. Stage 2 – {{c1::Involvement of umbilical …
Published	12/13/2024	Chorioamnionitis is staged as:1. Stage 1 – {{c1::Acute subchorionitis OR chorionitis}}.2. Stage 2 – {{c1::Acute chorioamnionitis (neutrophils ext…
Published	12/13/2024	Fetal membrane roll.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Acute chorioamnionitis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Fetal membrane roll.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Acute necrotizing chorioamnionitis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Placental disc.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Villous immaturity with chorangiosis (more than 10 capillary cross sections 10 contiguous villi placental r…
Published	12/13/2024	Umbilical cord.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Hemangioma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Liver mass in a 1-year-old.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Hepatoblastoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Hepatoblastoma is associated with {{c1::Beck-Wiedmann}} and {{c2::Prader-Willi}} syndromes.
Published	12/13/2024	A unique immunohistochemistry finding in hepatoblastoma is the {{c1::nuclear staining of beta catennin}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Hepatoblastomas are most commonly associated with genetic alterations involving the {{c1::Wnt}}/{{c1::Beta-catenin}} pathway (~90% of cases)…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Suddan infant death syndrome}} is defined as "sudden death of an {{c2::infant <1 year-of}}-age which remains unexplained after thor…
Published	12/13/2024	Sudden infant death syndrome is a multifactorial condition with a "triple-risk model" including:1. {{c1::Vulnerable infant}}.2. {{c2::Vulnerable devel…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c3::Neuroblastic}} tumors are tumor of {{c1::sympathetic ganglia}} and {{c1::adrenal medulla}} that are dervied from {…
Published	12/13/2024	Most neuroblastomas are sporadic, but {{c1::1-2}}% are familial involving germline mutations in the {{c2::anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)}}…
Published	12/13/2024	Childhood neuroblastomas typically occur in the following anatomical locations:1. {{c1::Adrenal medulla}} (40%).2. {{c2::Paravertebral abdomen}} (25%)…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of neuroblastomas include:1. {{c1::Sheeted}} architecture.2. Small primitive cells that occassionally have {{c2::Homer-Wright…
Published	12/13/2024	Membrane roll and placenta parenchyma.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Diamnionic-monochorionic twin placenta}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The key microscopic feature of a {{c2::diamnionic-monochorionic twin gestation}} membrane involves the monochorionic dividing membrane …
Published	12/13/2024	Fetal membrane roll.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Diamnionic dichorionic twin gestation membrane}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a {{c2::diamnionic dichorionic twin gestation}} membrane is that the membrane is composed of {{c1::four}}&n…
Published	12/13/2024	Diamnionic dichorionic twin gestation membranes can be {{c1::mono- OR di}}-zygotic.
Published	12/13/2024	Placenta disk gross finding.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Retroplacental hemorrhage}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Placental disk.Key pathological finding?{{c1::Intervillous hemorrhage}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Placental disk.Key pathological finding?{{c1::Dissection of basal plate consistent with retroplacental hemorrhage}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Placental disk.Key pathological finding?{{c1::Early infarction (intervillous crowding and compression at center of infarct with surrounding congestion…
Published	12/13/2024	Placental disk.Key pathological finding?{{c1::Distal villous hypoplasia (paucity of villi, villi thin and elongated)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Pre-term placental disk.Key pathological finding?{{c1::Accelerated villous maturation (increased syncytial knots, intervillous fibrin)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Pre-term placental disk.Key pathological finding?{{c1::Acute atherosis (fubrinoid necrosis, lipid-laden macrophages, perivascular lymphocytes)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Pre-term placental disk.Key pathological finding?{{c1::Arterial fibrinoid necrosis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The 4 major patterns of placental injury are:1. {{c1::Maternal vascular malperfusion}}.2. {{c2::Fetal vascular malperfusion}}.3. {{c3::Acute chorioamn…
Published	12/13/2024	For the 4 major patterns of placental injury, those with at tendency for diffuse vs focal pathologies include:1. {{c2::Diffuse}} = {{c1::acute choramn…
Published	12/13/2024	The 3 major gross placental findings suggestive of {{c1::maternal vascular malperfusion}} include:1. {{c2::Decreased placental weight}}.2. {…
Published	12/13/2024	The defining histological feature of maternal vascular malperfusion is {{c1::accelerated villous maturation (alternating villous crowding and pau…
Published	12/13/2024	Placental disk.What key microscopic feature of fetal vascular malperfusion is shown?{{c1::Avascular villi}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The pathophysiology of fetal vascular malperfusion is fundamentally due to {{c1::obstruction of fetal blood flow}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of fetal vascular malperfusion include:1. {{c1::A = Avascular villi}}.2. {{c2::T = Thrombosis}}.3. {{c3::V = Vascular obliter…
Published	12/13/2024	Fetal vascular malperfusion can result from: 1. Maternal = {{c1::hypercoagulability}}, {{c2::maternal diabetes}}. 2. "Placental" = {{c3::umb…
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