Notes in 05 Venous interventions

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Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Case: History of upper extremity swelling/pain with effortCoronal MR venography chest with abducted arms …
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Case: History of upper extremity swelling/pain with effortRight Upper Extremity Diagnostic VenographyYell…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Case: Complete occlusion of R subclavian veinBEFORE THROMBOLYSIS:Post-Thrombolysis Diagnostic Venography:Yellow Arr…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions {{c4::Paget-Schroetter}} syndrome is {{c1::compression}} and {{c1::thrombosis}} of the {{c2::subclavian vein}} as i…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Paget-Schroetter syndrome clinically presents with {{c2::upper-extremity::where in body?}} {{c1::swelling}} or pain…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Paget-Schroetter syndrome should be evaluated with {{c1::diagnostic venography::imaging modality}} of {{c2::both ar…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Treatment of Paget-Schroetter syndrome is {{c1::thrombolysis}}, then {{c2::surgical thoracic outlet decompression}}…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Paget-Schroetter syndrome - if there is residual stenosis post-thrombolysis:- {{c1::Surgical decompression::next tr…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions{{c3::Stenting}} should be avoided in Paget-Schroetter syndrome because high risk of {{c1::device fracture::complication …
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions{{c1::Nutcracker}} syndrome is {{c2::left renal vein}} compression between the {{c3::SMA}} and {{c3::aorta}}.
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsNutcracker syndrome has a variable presentation, including {{c3::pain::symptom}}, {{c2::hematuria, orthostatic proteinuria::tw…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions {{c1::Nutcracker phenomenon}} is {{c2::asymptomatic}} {{c3::left renal vein}} compression
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Treatment of nutcracker syndrome is typically prolonged {{c1::observation}} +/- {{c2::medical}} management, but {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions {{c4::May-Thurner}} syndrome is {{c1::left}} {{c5::common iliac vein}} {{c2::thrombosis}} due to {{c3::compression}} by …
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions May-Thurner syndrome occurs more frequently in which gender?{{c1::Both genders equally affected}}.
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions In May-Thurner syndrome chronic compression of left common iliac vein leads to {{c1::intimal}} proliferation, {{c2::fibr…
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Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Gold standard for May-Thurner syndrome diagnosis: {{c1::Conventional venography}} with {{c1::intravascular ult…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions A complication that occurs in up to half of patients with DVT is {{c1::post-thrombotic}} syndrome.
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Acute SVC syndrome is a {{c1:: vascular emergency::what level of acuity?}}.
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsWhat is a major difference in the presentation of acute vs chronic SVC syndrome?Chronic can be {{c1::asymptomatic}}
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Most common causes of SVC obstruction are compression by thoracic {{c2::tumor}}, {{c3::catheter-associated thrombos…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Classic CT abdomen finding in SVC obstruction is {{c1::increased}} enhancement of hepatic segment {{c2::IVa}} …
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Case: Acute facial and upper extremity swelling/cyanosis w/ hx of lung cancerDiagnostic SVC VenographyYellow A…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions The purpose of IVC filter placement is to reduce the risk of {{c1::PE}} originating from a {{c2::lower ex…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions IVC filter placement indications: (clinical status + anticoagulation (AC) status) {{c1::Known DVT::Clinical st…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions IVC filter placement complications:Most common: {{c1::Access site thrombosis}}2nd most common: {{c2::IVC thrombosis…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions After acceess, the first step in IVC filter placement is a{{c1::n inferior vena cavogram}}, performed with high-flo…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions If a duplicated IVC is present, in order to prevent a clot from circumnavigating an IVC filter, either:- A single f…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Pre-IVC filter placement CT AP Yellow arrows/Diagnosis: {{c1::Duplicated IVC}}CavographyFindings: {{…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsMost IVC filters can only be used with vessel diameters <{{c1::28}}-{{c1::30}} mm.Exception:{{c4::Birds Nest…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsIn the case of megacava (IVC diameter >{{c2::30}} mm), separate retrievable filters can be inserted in each {{c1::comm…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsPreferred IVC filter placement location is immediately {{c1::inferior}} to the {{c2::lowest}} {{c3::renal}} vein.&nb…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsIVC filter placement {{c2::inferior}} to the {{c2::lowest}} renal vein, including variants, prevents {{c1::anomalous…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsMost common (2-10% of population) renal vein variant is {{c1::circumaortic left}} renal vein.
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions{{c1::Retroaortic left::anatomical variant}} renal vein is a less common (2-7% population) renal vein variant.
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsIVC thrombus may require {{c1::higher::higher/lower}} IVC filter placement, {{c1::above}} the thrombus.
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions{{c2::Phlegmasia cerulea dolens}} is a vascular emergency caused by {{c1::complete thrombotic occlusion}} of venous …
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsPhlegmasia cerulea dolens can progress to {{c1::massive}} limb swelling, {{c2::hypertension}} in the capillary bed, …
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsTreatment of phlegmasia cerulea dolens requires {{c1::IV heparin::medical therapy}} and {{c2::angioplasty::intervention}}…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions{{c3::Pelvic venous congestion}} syndrome is caused by {{c1::ovarian vein}} reflux and commonly presents with chronic pel…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsIn pelvic congestion syndrome, the {{c1::left gonadal}} vein is typically affected due to the {{c2::acute angle}} it…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsPelvic congestion syndrome is best treated by {{c1::ovarian vein embolization}}.
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsVenography in a patient with pelvic congestion syndrome includes selecting {{c1::internal iliac}} veins and {{c1::left re…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsIn the treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome with ovarian vein embolization, {{c1::metallic coils}} as the only emboliz…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsOvarian vein embolization involves: - Deploying {{c1::metallic coils::embolic material}} in the {{c2::inferior}} ova…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsA varicocele is a collection of {{c1::varicose veins}} in the {{c2::pampiniform plexus}}.
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsAn isolated {{c1::right}} varicocele should prompt workup for a{{c2::n obstructing retroperitoneal mass}}.
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsVaricocele is diagnosed by {{c1::scrotal ultrasound::imaging}} showing a dilated (>{{c2::2}} mm) {{c5::venous plexus}}…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsVaricocele treatment indications:{{c1::Pain}}{{c2::Infertility}}{{c3::Testicular atrophy}}
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsTreatment of varioceles, when indicated, include {{c2::coil embolization}} or surgical {{c2::ligation}} of the {{c1:…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsVaricocele IR access:- {{c3::Left}}-sided varicocele access: {{c1::Right femoral}} vein or {{c1::right internal jugular}}…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsCauses of lower extremity venous insufficiency: Most common - Venous {{c1::hypertension}} caused by {{c2::incompeten…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsTreatment of lower extremity venous insufficiency:- {{c1::Thermal}} ablation: {{c2::laser}} or {{c2::radiofrequency}}- {{…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsLower extremity venous thermal ablation requires {{c3::tumescent}} anesthesia, which is injection of a mixture of {{…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions{{c3::Tumescent}} anesthesia (lidocaine, saline, epinephrine) acts as a local anesthetic and also a heat {{c1::…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsCommonly treated vessels in lower extremity venous insufficiency are the {{c1::great saphenous}} vein, {{c2::small saphen…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsIn the treatment of lower extremity venous insufficiency, {{c3::sclerotherapy}} is injection of a {{c1::chemical irr…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsPost-treatment management of lower extremity venous insufficiency includes {{c1::compression stockings}}.
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions In Paget-Schroetter syndrome, chronic compression of the subclavian vein causes {{c1::intimal hyperplasia::pat…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Why is it important to image BOTH sides with venography if there is pain/swelling in ONE upper extremity with c/f P…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions What happens in most cases if hematuria due to Nutcracker syndrome goes untreated?{{c1::Spontaneous resolution within 2 …
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Case: Two months of LLE painTop left, IVUS: Severe venous compression of {{c1::left iliac vein}} by the {{c1::…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Treatment of May-Thurner syndrome:- Initally {{c2::catheter-directed thrombolysis}} to treat acute thrombus, follwoed by…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions What syndrome has symptoms of edema, pain, ulceration, discoloration, and varicose veins in a patient recently diagnosed…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions Acute SVC syndrome clinically presents with {{c1::facial::where}} and {{c1::upper extremity::where}} edema and {{c2…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsIf symptoms are present in chronic occlusion/stenosis of SVC, what symptom is characteristic?{{c1::Facial edema}} that im…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions In the setting of SVC occlusion, the vein of {{c1::Sappey}} drains the liver in the region of the {{c2::falciform l…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsTreatment of SVC occlusion usually involves {{c1::stenting}} via combined {{c2::internal jugular}} and {{c2::femoral}} ap…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions What is a sign of duplicated IVC on cavography?Absence of {{c1::iliac}} vein influx {{c2::contralateral::ispilatera…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsThe {{c1::circumaortic left::anatomical variant}} renal vein is made up of two components:one passes {{c2::anterior::norm…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsNormally, the L renal vein passes {{c2::anterior::anterior or posterior?}} to the aorta to meet the IVC. In {{c3::retroao…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsLeft image: Inferior vena cavographyYellow arrow: {{c1::Left renal}} vein entering the IVC markedly inferior to…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions{{c4::Interruption}} of the IVC with azygous {{c4::continuation}} is a {{c1::rare::common or rare?}} IVC anomaly where bl…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsInterruption of the IVC with azygous continuation is associated with {{c1::polysplenia::lymph complication}} and {{c1::co…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsInterruption of the IVC with azygous continuation is caused by embryologic failure of the {{c1::right subcardial}} vein t…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsSymptoms of phlegmasia cerulea dolens (PCD) include acute limb {{c1::swelling}}, {{c1::cyanosis}} and severe {{c1::pain}}
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsPhlegmasia cerulea dolens (PCD) occurs most often in setting of {{c1::malignancy::prothrombotic state}}, {{c1::trauma::pr…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsRare complications of ovarian vein embolization therapy for treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome include migration of …
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsCase: Pelvic painLeft image, left gonadal venogram, yellow arrow: {{c1::Reflux of contrast}} to the level of th…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions{{c1::Primary::Primary or Secondary?}} varicocele is due to {{c2::absent/incompetent}} valves in the {{c4::proximal::prox…
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous Interventions{{c2::Secondary;:Primary or Secondary?}} varicocele is due to a {{c1::mass obstructing}} venous return.
Published	05/01/2023	IR: Venous InterventionsVarioceles are usually seen on the {{c1::left}} side due to the acute angle of insertion on the {{c2::renal}} vein, predi…
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