Notes in Biochem 2024

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biochem

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	06/03/2024	What is gluconeogenesis
Published	06/03/2024	Why is gluconeogenesis needed and why is the reverse of glycolysis not used instead
Published	06/03/2024	Where is PEPCK located and what is needed to be done in order to get oxaloacetate out of the mitochondrial membrane
Published	06/03/2024	What is the second step in gluconeogenesis which is different to just the reverse of glycolysis and what enzyme is involved
Published	06/03/2024	What is the 3rd and final step of gluconeognesis
Published	06/03/2024	What happens to lactate in order to turn it back into pyruvate and what enzyme is involved and what is special about RBC'S
Published	06/03/2024	What are other feedstocks into the gluconeogenic pathway
Published	06/03/2024	Why cant fatty acids feed into gluconeogenesis
Published	06/03/2024	What is gluconeogenesis regulated by
Published	06/03/2024	Which enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step of glycolysis?
Published	06/03/2024	What are the reactants and products of the reaction catalyzed by PFK-1?
Published	06/03/2024	What is the function of hexokinase and how is it regulated?
Published	06/03/2024	What are the effects of (1) ATP, (2) AMP, and (3) citrate on PFK-1 activity?
Published	06/03/2024	What is the mechanism by which insulin and glucagon regulate PFK-1 activity?
Published	06/03/2024	In glycolysis, which enzymes catalyze irreversible steps?
Published	06/03/2024	In glycolysis, which enzymes catalyze ATP-producing steps, and which molecules do they act on?
Published	06/03/2024	What is the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
Published	06/03/2024	Pyruvate kinase is activated by {{c1::F1,6-BP (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)}}
Published	06/03/2024	In erythrocytes, {{c1::anaerobic glycolysis}} is the only available pathway for ATP production
Published	06/03/2024	In which step of glycolysis is NADH produced?
Published	06/03/2024	What is the function of pyruvate dehydrogenase?
Published	06/03/2024	Pyruvate dehydrogenase is activated in the {{c1::liver::organ}} by {{c1::insulin}}
Published	06/03/2024	Pyruvate dehydrogenase is activated by {{c1::insulin}} and inhibited by {{c1::acetyl-CoA}}
Published	06/03/2024	What is the effect of acetyl-CoA buildup?
Published	06/03/2024	Glycogen synthesis and degradation occur primarily in the {{c1::liver}} and in {{c1::skeletal muscle}}
Published	06/03/2024	What is the rate-limiting step of glycogenesis? (reactants, products, enzyme)
Published	06/03/2024	What is glycogenin?
Published	06/03/2024	What are 4 regulators of glycogen synthase and what are their effects?
Published	06/03/2024	What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycogenolysis and what are its products?
Published	06/03/2024	What are the regulators of glycogen phosphorylase?
Published	06/03/2024	The liver maintains blood glucose levels during fasting through {{c1::glycogenolysis}} and {{c1::gluconeogenesis}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which hormone(s) promote gluconeogenesis? Which hormone(s) inhibit gluconeogenesis?
Published	06/03/2024	What are the 3 important substrates for gluconeogenesis?
Published	06/03/2024	What is the difference between glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids?
Published	06/03/2024	In gluconeogenesis, lactate is converted to {{c1::pyruvate}} by {{c1::lactate dehydrogenase}}
Published	06/03/2024	In gluconeogenesis, alanine is converted to {{c1::pyruvate}} by {{c1::alanine aminotransferase}}
Published	06/03/2024	In gluconeogenesis, G3P is converted to {{c1::dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)}} by {{c1::isomerase}}
Published	06/03/2024	Acetyl-CoA activates {{c1::pyruvate carboxylase}} and inhibits {{c1::pyruvate dehydrogenase}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which enzyme does acetyl-CoA inhibit and why?
Published	06/03/2024	To produce glucose in the liver through gluconeogenesis, {{c1::fatty acids}} must be burned to produce acetyl-CoA, stop the forward flow of the citric…
Published	06/03/2024	What is the first step of gluconeogenesis? (reactants, products, enzymes)
Published	06/03/2024	Where does the first step of gluconeogenesis take place?
Published	06/03/2024	What happens to OAA immediately after production by pyruvate carboxylase in the first step of gluconeogenesis?
Published	06/03/2024	In gluconeogenesis, what happens to OAA once it is in the cytoplasm?
Published	06/03/2024	What reaction does PEP carboxykinase catalyze and which glycolysis enzyme does this step circumvent?
Published	06/03/2024	What is the rate-limiting step of gluconeogenesis? Which glycolysis step does it circumvent?
Published	06/03/2024	In gluconeogenesis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is activated by {{c1::ATP}} and inhibited by {{c1::AMP}} and {{c1::F2,6-BP}}
Published	06/03/2024	During gluconeogenesis, PEPCK in the cytoplasm is induced by {{c1::glucagon}} and {{c1::cortisol}}, which generally act to {{c1::raise::raise/lower}} …
Published	06/03/2024	what is the function of glucose-6-phosphatase and where is it found?
Published	06/03/2024	which enzyme of glycolysis does glucose-6-phosphatase circumvent?
Published	06/03/2024	what is the major glucogenic amino acid?
Published	06/03/2024	where does the acetyl-CoA that promotes gluconeogenesis originiate from?
Published	06/03/2024	why are extended periods of low blood sugar accompanied by high levels of ketone in the blood?
Published	06/03/2024	under what physiological conditions should the body carry out gluconeogenesis?
Published	06/03/2024	what are the two major metabolic products of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Published	06/03/2024	what are the starting and ending materials of the PPP?
Published	06/03/2024	what is the rate limiting enzyme of the PPP and what does it do?
Published	06/03/2024	what is the effect of insulin on the PPP?
Published	06/03/2024	what is the difference between NADH and NADPH?
Published	06/03/2024	where does the citric acid cycle take place
Published	06/03/2024	what is the overall reaction of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
Published	06/03/2024	what molecules can be used to make acetyl-CoA?
Published	06/03/2024	starting with citrate and ending with oxaloacetate, what are the intermediates of the citric acid cycle in order?
Published	06/03/2024	which steps of the citric acid cycle produce NADH?
Published	06/03/2024	which steps of the citric acid cycle produce GTP and FADH2?
Published	06/03/2024	what are the products of one citric acid cycle?
Published	06/03/2024	what is the function of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and how is its activity regulated?
Published	06/03/2024	in general, ATP and NADH {{c1::inhibit::stimulate/inhibit}} the citric acid cycle
Published	06/03/2024	in general, ADP and NAD+ {{c1::stimulate::stimulate/inhibit}} the citric acid cycle
Published	06/03/2024	what are the 3 main control points of the citric acid cycle?
Published	06/03/2024	at its 3 controls points, calcium ions {{c1::stimulate::stimulate/inhibit}} the citric acid cycle
Published	06/03/2024	which enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the citric acid cycle?
Published	06/03/2024	how many ATP molecules can be generated per NADH and FADH2 molecule?
Published	06/03/2024	at the electron transport chain, a proton gradient is established by moving protons from the {{c1::mitochondrial matrix}} to the {{c1::intermembrane s…
Published	06/03/2024	the physical property that determines the direction of electron flow in the ETC is {{c1::reduction potential}}
Published	06/03/2024	What are some facts of the TCA cycle?
Published	06/03/2024	What are the 3 basic stages of catabolism leading to the TCA cycle?
Published	06/03/2024	What are each products of the TCA cycle? Acronym?
Published	06/03/2024	The TCA enzymes are located close to the transmembrane {{c1::ATPase}} and {{c1::Electron transfer}} protein.
Published	06/03/2024	What is step 1 of the TCA?
Published	06/03/2024	What is step 2 of TCA?
Published	06/03/2024	What is step 3 of TCA?
Published	06/03/2024	What is the step 4 of TCA?
Published	06/03/2024	What is step 5 of TCA?
Published	06/03/2024	What is step 6 of TCA?
Published	06/03/2024	What is step 7 of TCA?
Published	06/03/2024	What is step 8 of TCA?
Published	06/03/2024	Regulation of the reactions in TCA?
Published	06/03/2024	What are the gross ATP's for NADH and FADH2?
Published	06/03/2024	What is Anapleurotic reaction?
Published	06/03/2024	What are the two electron carriers in oxidative phosphorylation?
Published	06/03/2024	NADH mitochondrial shuttlement : malate shuttle
Published	06/03/2024	NADH mitochondrial shuttlement: G3P
Published	06/03/2024	What are the gross and net ATP?
Published	06/03/2024	What happens when there is no oxygen?
Published	06/03/2024	Basics of gluconeogensis
Published	06/03/2024	Overall pathway for glucoenogenesis
Published	06/03/2024	Pyruvate by-pass reaction of gluconeogenesis
Published	06/03/2024	Oxaloacetate by pass reaction for gluconeogenesis
Published	06/03/2024	Fructose biphosphate by pass reaction for gluconeogenesis
Published	06/03/2024	G6P bypass reaction for gluconeogenesis
Published	06/03/2024	What are the 3 main substrates of glucogeneogenesis?
Published	06/03/2024	What are the 4 by-pass reactions for glucogeneogenesis?
Published	06/03/2024	How does G3P function as a mitochondrial shuttle?
Published	06/03/2024	Can acetyl CoA be used as a precursor for gluconeogenesis in humans?
Published	06/03/2024	What are the cori and glucose-alanine cycles?
Published	06/03/2024	General overview of the hexose monophophate shunt (HMP shunt)
Published	06/03/2024	What is the function of the pathway and tissues that use it the most?
Published	06/03/2024	What is the overall pathway to generate pentose?
Published	06/03/2024	Nonoxidative phase for HMP shunt
Published	06/03/2024	What are specific routes using NADH for HMP shunt?
Published	06/03/2024	Overview of glycogen metabolism
Published	06/03/2024	Basics of Glycogenolysis
Published	06/03/2024	Basics of Glycogenesis
Published	06/03/2024	Overview of glycogenolysis
Published	06/03/2024	What occurs during degradation of glycogenolysis?
Published	06/03/2024	What occurs during conversion step of glycogenolysis?
Published	06/03/2024	What are the hormonal steps to regulate glycogenolysis?
Published	06/03/2024	Overview of glycogenesis
Published	06/03/2024	What is glycogen synthase in glycogenesis?
Published	06/03/2024	What creates the branching in glycogen?
Published	06/03/2024	Pictures of glycogenesis stimulation and inhibition
Published	06/03/2024	What can glucose lead to, in terms of lipids category?
Published	06/03/2024	What is major about Acetyl CoA?
Published	06/03/2024	Pic showing some lipogenesis and lipolysis reactions
Published	06/03/2024	Outline of lipid metabolis
Published	06/03/2024	Fatty acids: What are they?
Published	06/03/2024	Fatty acids: How to number molecules?
Published	06/03/2024	Fatty acids: Characteristics of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Published	06/03/2024	Fatty acids: What roles do cis and trans bonds play in unsaturated fats?
Published	06/03/2024	Triacylglycerols: What are they?
Published	06/03/2024	Phospholipids: What are they?
Published	06/03/2024	Sphingolypids/glycolipids: What are they?
Published	06/03/2024	Spingolipids: spingolipids and glycolipids with ceramide component list
Published	06/03/2024	Cholesterol: What are they?
Published	06/03/2024	Ketone bodies: What are they?
Published	06/03/2024	Lipoproteins: What are they?
Published	06/03/2024	What are some similaritie and differences between synthesis and degradation of lipids?
Published	06/03/2024	Lipogenesis: How does synthesis of malonyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA take place?
Published	06/03/2024	Lipogenesis: What role do Acyl carrier proteins play in the synthesis of malonyl and acetoacetyl CoAs?
Published	06/03/2024	Lipogenesis: basics of de novo fatty acid synthesis
Published	06/03/2024	What is the difference between NADH and NADPH?
Published	06/03/2024	Lipogenesis: How does FA elongation take place?
Published	06/03/2024	Lipogenesis: What is the full reaction to synthesize 16C palmitate?
Published	06/03/2024	Lipogenesis: What is the role of citrate in FA synthesis? What is the mechanism of its activity? CRITICAL THINKING EXAM QUESTION
Published	06/03/2024	Lipogenesis: How are unsaturated FAs made?
Published	06/03/2024	Cholesterol synthesis
Published	06/03/2024	Cholesterol synthesis: the overall pathway
Published	06/03/2024	What can cholesterol be used for
Published	06/03/2024	Phospholipid synthesis: phosphatidyl inositol synthesis
Published	06/03/2024	Phospholipid synthesis: phosphatidyl serine
Published	06/03/2024	Lipid degredation
Published	06/03/2024	Lipid degredation: Adipose tissue lipolysis
Published	06/03/2024	Lipid degradation: Beta oxidation overview
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Published	06/03/2024	lipds are used for {{c1::energy storage}}, {{c2::membrane structure}}, or {{c3::energy for the body}}.
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Published	06/03/2024	What is the endogenous pathway?
Published	06/03/2024	What is the exogenous pathway?
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Status	Last Update	Fields