Notes in L07 Polution and Gas Disasters

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Published	06/22/2023	What is Air Pollution a result of? {{c1::burning fossil fuels}} and the industrial revolution.
Published	06/22/2023	In London in the 1950s the {{c1::London Smog}} caused by a {{c1::positive pressure anti-cyclone}}, so the normal pollution from burning charcoal was n…
Published	06/22/2023	What act did the great London Fog lead to? {{c1::The Clean Air Acts}} of 1956 and 1958
Published	06/22/2023	The {{c1::Clean Air Act}}, which was last amended in 1990, requires {{c1::EPA}} to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for polluta…
Published	06/22/2023	What are the two types of national ambient air quality standards?{{c1::Primary Standards}} and {{c1::Secondary Standards}}
Published	06/22/2023	{{c1::Primary standards}} of the Clean Air Act provide public health protection, including protecting the health of "sensitive" populations…
Published	06/22/2023	{{c1::Secondary standards}} of the Clean Air Act provide public welfare protection, including protection against decreased visibility and damage to a…
Published	06/22/2023	What is the state of New York and New Jersey air? It is very poor due to {{c1::stationary pollutants}} from industrial plants and petroleum factories.…
Published	06/22/2023	What are the 6 criteria Pollutants? {{c1::Carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter and sulfur dioxide.}}
Published	06/22/2023	What are examples of Stationary Sources?{{c1::Industrial Plants, Factories}}, etc
Published	06/22/2023	What chemicals are produced from Stationary Sources of air pollution? {{c1::Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) }}{{c1::Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)}} {{c1::Parti…
Published	06/22/2023	Things that are {{c1::highly water soluble,}} are agents that will react to water as soon as they encounter it. So sulfur dioxide will react with the …
Published	06/22/2023	{{c2::sulfur dioxide}} is a {{c2::stationary}} pollutant that is a major urban pollutant emitted by {{c1::coal}} and {{c1::oil-fired power plants}}It …
Published	06/22/2023	If something is extremely water soluble like Sulfur Dioxide what kind of effects do we get? {{c1::Upper Respiratory Effects}}
Published	06/22/2023	Nitrogen OxidePrinciple {{c2::outdoor}} sources of nitrogen oxides are {{c1::vehicular emissions}}. Principle {{c2::indoor}} levels often {{c3::exceed…
Published	06/22/2023	How does NO2 impact ones lungs? We have relatively {{c1::low water solubility}} and increased asthma exacerbations and decreased lung function growth …
Published	06/22/2023	What can pollution sometimes show up as? {{c1::Aerosolized particles in sunsets}} remove the cooler violets and blues causing an enhancing of red&nbsp…
Published	06/22/2023	Which irritants that have High water solubility? {{c1::Sulfur Dioxide, Ammonia and Hydrochloric Acid}}
Published	06/22/2023	WHat are irritants that have Low water solubility? Irritants such as {{c1::Oxides of Nitrogen, Phosgene and Chlorine}}It causes lower airway dama…
Published	06/22/2023	WHat is the primary source of Carbon Monoxide? {{c1::Vehicular Emissions}}
Published	06/22/2023	What is Carbon Monoxide from? It is from {{c1::incomplete combustion of fossil fuels}} and is the leading {{c1::cause of poising deaths worldwide}}
Published	06/22/2023	What is the mechanism for Carbon Monoxide? It binds to {{c1::hemoglobin and interferes with O2 transport}}. There are NO primary lung effects and it c…
Published	06/22/2023	Do fetuses have a much higher bonding affinitiy to carbon monoxide than adults? {{c1::Yes}}
Published	06/22/2023	What are causes/exacerbates of impaired oxygen delivery?Ischemic  {{c1::heart disease}}Chronic {{c1::resporatory disease}}Impairs {{c1::fetal dev…
Published	06/22/2023	CARBON MONOXIDE GLOBAL POISONINGS • US – large {{c1::# of exposures}}, low {{c1::death rate}} (mostly unintentional - car exhaust, faulty heaters…
Published	06/22/2023	When we have Carbon Monoxide poising, Carbon monoxide (CO) binds {{c1::competitively at oxygen (O2) binding sites }} CO impairs O2 transport &…
Published	06/22/2023	Why do people get Lead exposure from old homes?  {{c1::Paint}} in old homes used to have lead
Published	06/22/2023	What are different jobs in which one would have occupational exposure to lead? {{c1::Smelting, Battery Manufacture, Construction, Pottery and Firearm …
Published	06/22/2023	What is the mechanism of Lead? It interferes with {{c1::essential cations (Ca,Zn,Fe) and macromolecules(enzymes, receptors,membranes)}} affecting mult…
Published	06/22/2023	If children have low levels of lead exposure what does it impact? {{c1::Neurocognitive development}} so they may have low IQS
Published	06/22/2023	If adults have lead exposure what health risks are increased? {{c1::Hyptertension and cardiovascular mortality}}
Published	06/22/2023	WHat is Ozone produced from? Produced when {{c1::NOx and VOCs react with sunlight}}
Published	06/22/2023	{{c1::Troposhperic (ground level) O3}} is distinct from stratospheric O3 and we get it predominantly from {{c1::mobile}} sources
Published	06/22/2023	When is Ozone production favored? It is favored from {{c1::late Spring to early Fall}} and is relatively {{c1::water insoluble}}
Published	06/22/2023	Ozone is also a Potent oxidizer that causes {{c1::inflammation}} -> Pulmonary Sensitization and reduced FEV (forced expiratory volume)
Published	06/22/2023	WHat is Particulate matter? It is categorized by size.Particles <10 microns (Pm10) deposit in {{c1::bronchi/lungs}} Particles <2.5 microns …
Published	06/22/2023	Particulate Matter (PM) Increasing ED visits, hospital admissions and mortality associated with {{c1::cardiorespiratory disease}} w/increasing co…
Published	06/22/2023	{{c1:: 7.8%}} of all deaths worldwide are attributed to pollution.This factor can vary a lot depending on where in the world and can vary by a fa…
Published	06/22/2023	What are solutions to help poor countries struggling with LEad Toxicity?Finding local partners to {{c1::identify and measure the toxins}} involved,&nb…
Published	06/22/2023	Lead poisoning is one of the {{c1::worst problems worldwide}} and major cause is actually from {{c1::cars.}} It affects over 12 million people worldwi…
Published	06/22/2023	From  artisanal gold, {{c1::mercury}} is a major cause of exposure.About a third of these miners have high levels of {{c1::metallic mercury}} fro…
Published	06/22/2023	What are sources of LEad contamination?Lead can be found in {{c1::car battery acid, mining, smelting, and then leaded paint, especially pottery work.}…
Published	06/22/2023	More than 3/4 of global lead consumption is for the manufacture of {{c1::lead-acid batteries}} for motor vehicles
Published	06/22/2023	{{c1::Children}} for behavioral and physiological reasons, absorb much more lead than adults.  Children have more {{c2::hand to mouth}} beha…
Published	06/22/2023	Children and adults both store lead in their bones.  95% oflead that's in the body in an adult will be stored in thebones.  Whereas in a chi…
Published	06/22/2023	In Haina they removed the soil and covered everything with cement to get rid of the {{c1::lead}}
Published	06/22/2023	At around what lead level do children start getting seizures? around {{c1::71 ug/dL}}
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