Notes in 03 Pulmonary Infection

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Published	05/01/2023	Although pneumonia is often associated with a parapneumonic effusion, most pleural effusions associated with pneumonia are not empyema, but are instea…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionAn empyema conforms to the shape of the pleural space, causing a longer {{c1::air–fluid level}} on the lateral ra…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionA {{c2::pneumatocele}} is a {{c1::thin}}-walled, {{c1::gas}}-filled cyst in the lung.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c4::Empyema necessitans}} is extension of an empyema to the {{c1::chest wall}}, most commonly secondary to…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionAs many as {{c2::15}}% of patients infected with Primary Tuberculosis have {{c1::nothing}} on radiographs.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionPrimary Tuberculosis may occur in any lobe, but the most typical locations are the {{c1::lower}} lobes or {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionPrimary Tuberculosis:Classic imaging findings are not always seen, but include:{{c1::Ghon}} focus: Initial focus …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionCavitation is rare in {{c1::primary}} TB, in contrast to {{c1::reactivation}} TB.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging?{{c1::Adenopathy}} with central {{c2::necrosis}} and peripheral {{c2::enhancement}}
Published	05/01/2023	?{{c1::Reactivation (post-primary) TB}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionReactivation/Post Primary TB most commonly occurs in the {{c1::upper}} lobe {{c2::apical and posterior::2}} …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionIn an immunocompetent patient, the imaging hallmarks of reactivation TB are {{c1::upper}}lobe predominant disease…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection?{{c1::Miliary TB}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c2::Miliary}} tuberculosis is a diffuse random distribution of tiny nodules seen in {{c1::hematogenou…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionClassic radiographic findings of atypical mycobacteria infection are {{c1::bronchiectasis::pattern, not nodu…
Published	05/01/2023	{{c3::Mycobacterium avium intracellulare}} infection: Coronal (left) and axial CT show right upper lobe and lingular {{c1::tree-in-bud}} opa…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection"Hot-tub" lung is a {{c1::hypersensitivity pneumonitis}} in response to atypical {{c2::mycobacteria::organis…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection Endemic fungi can cause {{c1::community acquired pneumonia::pneumonia}} in normal individuals, with each subtype…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection An immunocompromised patient with a focal air space opacity is most likely to have a bacterial pneumonia (most c…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionDiagnosis: {{c1::Pneumocystis Pneumonia}} CT better defines the {{c1::nodular}} opacities as being prim…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection Axial CT in this patient with {{c3::pneumocystis pneumonia}}  shows asymmetric {{c1::ground glass}} opacifi…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection {{c1::Finger in glove}} sign
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionSaprophytic aspergillosis (aspergilloma)If an aspergilloma is symptomatic, {{c1::hemoptysis}} is the most common …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionSaprophytic aspergillosis (aspergilloma)When a crescent of air is seen outlining the mycetoma against the wall of…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c3::Semi-invasive (chronic necrotizing)}} aspergillosis is a {{c1::necrotizing granulomatous}} inflam…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionAirway-invasive aspergillosis is an aspergillus infection deep to the airway {{c1::epithelial}} cells.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c3::Angioinvasive}} aspergillosis is an aggressive infection characterized by invasion and {{c1::occlusion…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection ?Yellow arrows: {{c1::Halo sign}}Red arrows: {{c1::Ground glass}} {{c2::centri}}lobular nodules representing {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection Angioinvasive aspergillosisThe {{c1::air crescent}} sign, visually similar to the Monod sign surrounding a mycet…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionThe most common cause of a bronchopleural fistula is {{c1::surgery}}; other etiologies include {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionImaging findings consistent with a bronchopleural fistula include new or increasing {{c1::gas}} in a {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionPneumatoceles may be post-{{c1::traumatic}} or develop as a sequela of {{c2::pneumonia}}, typically from {{c3::St…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c1::Mycobacterium avium intracellulare}} and {{c1::M. kansasii}} are the two most common causative organis…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionIn Hot-Tub Lung, there {{c1::is no::is or is no?}} active infection and the typical patient is {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionAllergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a {{c2::hypersensitivity}} reaction to Aspergillus seen mo…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection {{c5::Allergic bronchopulmonary}} aspergillosisThe key finding on CT is {{c1::upper}} lobe {{c2::bronc…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionAllergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosisThe finger-in-glove sign is not specific to ABPA and can also been seen in…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionSaprophytic aspergillosis (aspergilloma)The most common causes of a preexisting cavity are prior {{c1::tuber…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection Semi-invasive (chronic necrotizing) aspergillosisClinical symptoms include {{c1::cough, chronic fever::2}}, and …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection Semi-invasive (chronic necrotizing) aspergillosisOn CT, there are segmental areas of consolidation, often with {…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection Airway-invasive aspergillosis is seen only in {{c1::the immunocompromised::patient population}}, inclu…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionThe spectrum of clinical disease for {{c3::airway-invasive}} aspergillosis ranges from {{c1::bronc…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionThe main CT findings of {{c3::airway-invasive}} aspergillosis are {{c1::centrilobular}} and {{c2::tree-…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c4::Angioinvasive}} aspergillosisThe CT {{c1::halo}} sign represents a rim of {{c3::ground glass attenuati…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c2::Angioinvasive}} aspergillosis is seen almost exclusively in {{c1::neutropenic}} patients
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionCommunity Acquired Pneumonia (CAP):{{c1::S. pneumoniae}} is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionCommunity Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) can also be an {{c1::Atypical}} pneumonia, including that caused by {{c3::Myco…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionCommunity Acquired Pneumonia (CAP):{{c1::Legionella::organism}} most commonly causes CAP in {{c2::elderly sm…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionCommunity Acquired Pneumonia (CAP):Gram {{c1::negative (including Klebsiella)}} infection sources tend to oc…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionCommunity Acquired Pneumonia (CAP):Infection caused by {{c1::Klebsiella pneumoniae::organism}} leads to volu…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionHospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) is caused by {{c1::aspiration}} of colonized secretions. The most important pat…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c2::Healthcare Associated Pneumonia (HCAP)}} is defined as pneumonia in a {{c1::nursing home}} resident or…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c2::Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP)}} is defined as pneumonia caused by {{c1::infectious agents not …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionVentilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) organisms are microbial but primarily involve gram {{c1::negative…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c2::Lobar}} Pneumonia is consolidation of a single lobe. It is usually {{c1::bacterial}} in orig…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionIn Lobar Pneumonia, the larger bronchi are {{c1::patent::patent/constricted}}, which means there {{c1::…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c1::Bronchopneumonia}} is a patchy, peribronchial consolidation with air-space opacities, usually involving&nbs…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionBronchopneumonia may be caused by {{c1::all three (bacterial, viral, or aspiration)::bacterial / viral / asp…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionInterstitial Pneumonia corresponds to {{c1::ground glass}} opacities on CT.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionInterstitial Pneumonia is generally caused by {{c1::atypical}} sources, {{c2::viral}} organisms, or {{c3::Pneumon…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c3::Round}} Pneumonia is an infectious, mass-like opacity seen in {{c1::children::patient popula…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionRound Pneumonia remains round in shape (found in children) secondary to incomplete formation of {{c1::p…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c1::Pulmonary Abscess}} is a necrotic, spherical, air-fluid level containing complication of pneumoni…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c1::Empyema}} is an infection within {{c2::the pleural space}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionThere are 3 stages in the development of an Empyema1) {{c1::Free-flowing exudative effusion}} (treat wi…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionThe {{c1::Split Pleura}} sign is a CT axial finding showing enhancement of the thickened visceral and pariet…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionName the above:{{c1::Split Pleura sign}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionSplit Pleura sign is seen in the majority of {{c1::exudative::transudative/exudative}} effusions, but i…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c1::Bronchopleural Fistula (BPF)}} is an abnormal communication between the airway and pleural space, caused by…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionInitial exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis can lead to {{c1::Contained Disease (90%)}}, characteriz…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionInitial exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis can lead to {{c1::Primary Tuberculosis (10%)}}, seen mor…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionPrimary Tuberculosis may involve the pulmonary {{c1::parenchyma}}, the {{c2::airways}}, and the {{c3::pleura}}. P…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionThe typical imaging manifestation of Primary Tuberculosis is lobar {{c1::consolidation}}, with or witho…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c1::BOTH Primary and Reactivated::Primary or Reactivated}} Tuberculosis can present as isolated {{c2:…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionCavitation is more commonly seen in {{c1::Reactivation tuberculosis::Primary/Reactivated TB}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionAdenopathy is common in {{c1::Primary::primary/reactivation}} tuberculosis, typically featuring {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionImmunocompetent patients with Reactivation Tuberculosis (TB) may have non-specific {{c1::Tree-in-bud::t…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionReactivation Tuberculosis (TB) in {{c1::immunocompromised::immunocompetent/immunocompromised}} patients will…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionReactivation Tuberculosis (TB) may present with a {{c1::tuberculoma}}, a well defined, rounded oapcity consisting…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionHealed Tuberculosis (TB) presents as apical scarring with upper lobe volume loss, and superior {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionThe 3 types of Atypical Mycobacterial Infection include:1) {{c1::Classic, or nodular}} cavities th…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionImaging in Hot-Tub Lung is similar to other hypersensitivity pneumonites, featuring {{c1::centrilobular…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c1::Histoplasma capsulatum}} is the endemic fungi native to the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys, found in so…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionAcute infection with Histoplasma capsulatum usually produces {{c1::nodules}} and {{c1::lymphadenop…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionChronic infection with Histoplasma capsulatum produces {{c1::calcified}} granulomas, and less comm…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c1::Fibrosing Mediastinitis}} is a rare complication of {{c2::Histoplasma capsulatum}} infection of the {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c1::Coccidiodes immitis::organism}} is an endemic fungus found in the Southwestern United States and has a…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c1::Blastomyces dermatitidis::organism}} is an endemic fungus found in the Central, Southeastern United St…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionClassic imaging findings of Viral Pneumonia include {{c1::centrilobular, or tree-in-bud}} nodules, patc…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionImaging findings associated with COVID-19 (2 SARS-CoV-2/Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) are l…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionCOVID-19 (2 SARS-CoV-2/Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) {{c1::is not::is / is not}} typically …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c1::Pneumocystis jiroveci}} is an opportunistic fungus that may cause pneumonia in individuals with CD4 co…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionWhat do you see?{{c1::Pneumocystis pneumonia: Radiograph (top left image) shows multiple upper-lobe predominant a…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionWhile chest radiograph findings in Pneumocystis pneumonia can be normal, a classic finding is bilateral peri…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionWill Pneumocystis pnuemonia always be found on CXR?{{c1::No, require a CT to definitively rule out}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionPneumocystis pnuemonia has a propensity to cause {{c1::upper}} lobe {{c2::pneumatoceles}} if left …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c1::Cryptococcus neoformans}} is an opportunistic organism, and the most common fungal infection in AIDS p…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionIn the immunosuppressed, Cryptococcus neoformans can present on radiography with a wide range of appear…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionIf a patient has a history of asthma or Cystic Fibrosis with concurrent infection with Aspergillus, what sho…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionIf a patient has a history of pre-existing cavity disease (Sarcoid, TB) with concurrent infection with Asper…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionIf a patient has a history of chronic lung disease (emphysema) with concurrent infection with Aspergillus, w…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionIf a patient is neutropenic/immunocompromised with concurrent infection with Aspergillus, what should be sus…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionCan Aspergillus infect a normal lung?{{c1::No.}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionAllergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) represents {{c1::NO INFECTION:: A state of infection / no sta…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionAllergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) is characterized by recurrent wheezing, low-grade fever, coug…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary Infection{{c1::Saprophytic aspergillosis (aspergilloma)}} is a conglomeration of intertwined aspergillus fungal hypha…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionTreatment for a symptomatic Saprophytic aspergillosis (aspergilloma) is {{c1::embolization/resecti…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary InfectionHow can you distinguish {{c2::Airway-Invasive}} Aspergillosis with bronchopenumonia from other cau…
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