Notes in Chapter_09:_Fluids_and_Electrolytes

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Published	07/07/2024	Fractionally, {{c1::2}}/{{c1::3}} of body weight is water for {{c2::men::demographic}}
Published	07/07/2024	In {{c3::infants::infants or women}}, {{c1::more}} than {{c2::2/3::fraction}} of their body weight is water
Published	07/07/2024	In {{c2::women::infants or women}}, {{c1::less}} than {{c3::2/3::fraction}} of their body weight is water
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::2/3::fraction}} of water weight is {{c2::in}}tracellular
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::1/3::fraction}} of water weight is {{c1::ex}}tracellular
Published	07/07/2024	Of the {{c1::1/3::fraction}} of extracellular water weight, {{c2::2/3::fraction}} is {{c3::interstitial}} and {{c2::1/3::fraction}} is {{c3::plas…
Published	07/07/2024	Most intracellular fluid is stored in {{c1::muscle}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Plasma osmolarity}} = {{c1::(2 x Na) + (glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8)::equation}}
Published	07/07/2024	Normal plasma osmolarity is {{c1::280}}-{{c1::295}}
Published	07/07/2024	During surgery and first 24 hours after, the main fluid that is used is {{c1::LR}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c4::24 hours::timeframe}} after surgery, stop {{c5::LR}} and start {{c2::D5}} {{c3::1/2 NS}} with {{c1::20}} mEq {{c1::K+}}
Published	07/07/2024	D5 1/2 NS at 125 mL/h (3,000 mL/day) is roughly {{c1::150}}g of dextrose per day and roughly {{c2::525}} kcal/day
Published	07/07/2024	Fluid loss during a typical open-abdominal surgery is {{c1::0.5}}-{{c1::1.0}} L/hour
Published	07/07/2024	Insensible fluid loss happens at a rate of {{c3::10}} {{c4::cc/kg/day::units}} and is mostly ({{c2::75}}%) from the {{c1::skin}} follow…
Published	07/07/2024	Gastric outlet obstruction fluid replacement is done with {{c1::NS}}
Published	07/07/2024	Pancreatic fluid loss is replaced with {{c1::LR}}
Published	07/07/2024	Small bowel fluid loss is replaced with {{c1::LR}}
Published	07/07/2024	Large bowel fluid loss (diarrhea) is replaced with {{c1::LR}}
Published	07/07/2024	For dehydration from exercise, the fluid of choice is {{c1::NS}}
Published	07/07/2024	In the GI tract, the organ that secretes the most fluid is the {{c1::stomach}} at {{c2::1}}-{{c2::2}} L/day
Published	07/07/2024	Duodenum, pancreas, and biliary system all secrete {{c1::500}}-{{c1::1,000}} mL of fluid per day
Published	07/07/2024	Which bodily fluid secretion has the highest concentration of potassium?{{c1::Saliva}}
Published	07/07/2024	Normal {{c2::K+::Na+ or K+}} requirement for the body is {{c1::0.5}}-{{c1::1.0}} mEq/kg/day
Published	07/07/2024	Normal {{c2::Na+::Na+ or K+}} requirement for the body is {{c1::1}}-{{c1::2}} mEq/kg/day
Published	07/07/2024	Hyperkalemia treatment involves immediate administration of {{c1::calcium gluconate}},followed by {{c2::sodium bicarbonate::IV}} and {{…
Published	07/07/2024	When treating hyperkalemia with insulin, give {{c1::10}} U of insulin with {{c1::1 amp of 50% dextrose (D50)}}
Published	07/07/2024	The mechanism of action of {{c1::Kayexalate}} is by {{c2::binding K+ in the GI tract and excreting it through the feces}}
Published	07/07/2024	Prior to replacing K+ in hypokalemia, you may also need to check {{c1::Mg+}} levels and replace prior to IV potassium
Published	07/07/2024	Patients in DKA/HHS can have pseudohyponatremia, which can be estimated by adding {{c1::2}} points to Na+ value for every {{c1::100}} over t…
Published	07/07/2024	For every {{c1::1}} g decrease in albumin, {{c2::add::add or subtract}} {{c1::0.8}} to calcium
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of iatrogenic hyp{{c3::o}}{{c2::calc}}emia is {{c1::thyroidectomy}}
Published	07/07/2024	In hyp{{c2::er}}calcemia patients, {{c1::LR::fluid}} should be avoided
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of hyp{{c4::o}}{{c5::magnes}}emia is {{c1::diuretics::med}}, chronic {{c2::TPN::iatrogenic}}, and {{c3::ETOH}} abuse
Published	07/07/2024	Hyperphosphatemia is most commonly caused by {{c1::renal failure}}; it is treated with {{c2::sevelamer}}, a low {{c3::phosphate diet}}, and {{c4:…
Published	07/07/2024	Hypophosphatemia is most commonly caused by {{c2::refeeding}} syndrome and is treated with {{c1::potassium phosphate}}
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with refeeding syndrome can develop hypo{{c1::phosphat}}emia, which presents as {{c2::muscle weakness}} and failure to {{c3::wean f…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Ileostomies::surgery}}, small bowel {{c2::fistulas::complication}}, and {{c3::lactulose::laxative}} can all cause {{c4::normal anion gap acidosi…
Published	07/07/2024	The management of metabolic acidosis involves {{c1::treating the underlying cause}} and maintaining the {{c2::pH > 7.2 with bicarb}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most severe complication of having a pH < {{c2::7.2}} is dysfunctional {{c1::myocardial contractility}}
Published	07/07/2024	Metabolic alkalosis can have paradoxical {{c1::aciduria}} due to increased activity of {{c2::Na+/H+}} exchanger to reabsorb water
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::FENa}} is calculated by {{c2::(urine Na/Cr)/(plasma Na/Cr)}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c7::Pre}}renal azotemia: - {{c5::FENa}} less than {{c1::1}}% - {{c4::Urine Na}} less than {{c2::20}} - {{c4::Bun/Cr ratio}} greater t…
Published	07/07/2024	Myoglobin is toxic to renal tubule cells because it gets converted to {{c1::ferrihemate}}
Published	07/07/2024	Vitamin D pathway:1) Sunlight converts {{c1::7-dehydrocholesterol}} to {{c1::cholecalciferol}}2) Goes to the {{c4::liver}} for {{c2::25-OH}} then {{c4…
Published	07/07/2024	In acute renal failure, there is not an increase in BUN or creatinine until {{c1::70}}% of the renal tissue is damaged
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with {{c2::chronic}} renal failure typically present with {{c1::de}}creased Na+
Published	07/07/2024	The sodium content in 0.9% normal saline is {{c1::154}}
Published	07/07/2024	The chloride content in 0.9% normal saline is {{c1::154}}
Published	07/07/2024	The chloride content in 3% normal saline is {{c1::513}}
Published	07/07/2024	The sodium content in 3% normal saline is {{c1::513}}
Published	07/07/2024	The sodium content in Lactated Ringer's is {{c1::130}}
Published	07/07/2024	The potassium content in Lactated Ringer's is {{c1::4}}
Published	07/07/2024	The calcium content in Lactated Ringer's is {{c1::2.7}}
Published	07/07/2024	The chloride content in Lactated Ringer's is {{c1::109}}
Published	07/07/2024	The lactate content in Lactated Ringer's is {{c1::28}}
Published	07/07/2024	The lactate in Lactated Ringer's is converted to {{c1::HCO3-}} in the body
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