Notes in MB 721 Section 1

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Published	05/10/2024	f7438a3a0d5548319aabcdd0cc6ac5f4-ao-1
Published	05/10/2024	The purpose, or goal of inflammation is to: 1. Provide {{c1::protection by recognizing, alerting, and isolating the tissue damage to the site of infec…
Published	05/10/2024	Inflammation is sub-classified into two types: {{c1::acute}} and {{c1::chronic}}. Acute refers to a response that is typically {{c1::abrupt in onset}}…
Published	05/10/2024	If acute inflammation cannot completely remove the injurious agent in a short time (usually a few weeks), a chronic inflammatory reaction usually deve…
Published	05/10/2024	Finally, {{c1::healing}} is an important component of inflammation. Although often thought of as a distinct reaction, it commences soon after injury w…
Published	05/10/2024	draw the overview of inflammation that includes induction, protection, and repair along with the transition from acute to chronic
Published	05/10/2024	Tissue injury and/or infection results in the immediate release and production of response molecules (mostly {{c1::histamine}}) from {{c1::'sentinel c…
Published	05/10/2024	vasoactive mediators ({{c1::increased vascular permeability}}){{c1::histamine}}, {{c1::bradykinin}}, {{c1::NO}}, {{c1::leukotrines}}, {{c1::prostaglan…
Published	05/10/2024	The redness and heat are the result of an increase in vascular diameter ({{c1::vasodilatation}}) of arterioles, and the opening of ‘{{c1::dormant}}’ c…
Published	05/10/2024	{{c1::Inflammatory mediators}} (e.g., {{c1::histamine}}) cause nearby precapillary sphincters to relax. This opens up large amounts of the capillary b…
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Published	05/10/2024	The positive aspects of inflammatory edema include: • {{c1::Dilutes and inactivates toxins}} • {{c1::Contains antibodies, complement proteins, fibrino…
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the kinetics of edema and the chemical mediators of each phase
Published	05/10/2024	The figure shows the kinetics of edema into injured tissue during inflammation. 1) Initially there is a large amount of edema. The preformed inflammat…
Published	05/10/2024	draw the process of acute inflammation and it's transition to healing. Include Mast cells, PMNs, and soluble mediateors
Published	05/10/2024	Tissue injury often involves damage to the epithelial layer with introduction of microorganisms. This results in the immediate release and production …
Published	05/10/2024	{{c1::Mast cells}} act as the sentinel cells in most tissues, and are especially important at boundaries between the outside world and the internal ti…
Published	05/10/2024	describe the elements, process, and vocabulary of phagocytosis
Published	05/10/2024	After binding to CAMs on capillary endothelial cells, phagocytic cells are drawn into sites of inflammation, by {{c1::chemoattractants}}, which act to…
Published	05/10/2024	Chronic inflammation is characterized by the accumulation and activation of {{c1::mononuclear cells}}, macrophages and lymphocytes (mainly {{c1::T cel…
Published	05/10/2024	Chronic inflammation is often associated with {{c1::irreversible destruction}} of normal tissue. Fibrous connective tissue then fills the resultant de…
Published	05/10/2024	Chronic inflammation may develop in several ways, depending on the nature of the inflammatory stimulus involved: 1) Most commonly it may {{c1::superse…
Published	05/10/2024	Describe chronic inflammation proceeding to a granuloma
Published	05/10/2024	The figure illustrates the course of chronic inflammation. The left side of the figure shows acute inflammation that occurs immediately after some inj…
Published	05/10/2024	Inflammatory Mediators Plasma enzyme systems, cytokines, chemokines, and the products of mast cells & basophils, platelets, leukocytes, and endoth…
Published	05/10/2024	Once leukocytes have arrived at an inflammatory site, they release mediators that influence the later accumulation and activation of other cells. Howe…
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Published	05/10/2024	describe systemic inflammation and the chemical mediators utillized
Published	05/10/2024	Soluble inflammatory mediators are central to a successful inflammatory response. Not only are these mediators important locally at the site of inflam…
Published	05/10/2024	Leukocyte Trafficking Leukocyte migration, whether part of normal lymphoid recirculation or during inflammatory responses, is determined by a series o…
Published	05/10/2024	describe leukocyte trafficking with steps
Published	05/10/2024	Inflammation and Dentistry Hopefully by now you understand that inflammation is a very common, complex, reaction of the vasculature and cells towards …
Published	05/10/2024	indicate the chemical mediators involved in periodontal disease
Published	05/10/2024	The injurious agent in periodontal disease is thought to be a {{c1::dysbiotic biofilm}} containing increased numbers of certain pathogenic {{c1::gram-…
Published	05/10/2024	Body defenses Goals {{c1::Problem recognition}} What is {{c1::self}} vs what is {{c1::non-self}} {{c1::Alert the proper systems}} {{c1::I…
Published	05/10/2024	Inflammation Cardinal signs Redness, heat, swelling, pain What causes inflammation is the insult. It will persist until the insult is…
Published	05/10/2024	Overview of Microbial Identification: The methods used to identify microorganisms fall into five basic approaches or techniques: 1. {{c1::Direct micro…
Published	05/10/2024	Infectious microbial agents can be divided into three broad groups: 1. Typical {{c1::Normal Microbiota}}, which do not cause diseases under most condi…
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Published	05/10/2024	Normal flora is generally made up of microorganisms (Bacteria, Archaea, and Fungi) that {{c1::will not cause disease}} under {{c1::ordinary circumstan…
Published	05/10/2024	Diagnosis often requires positive identification of the microorganism involved with the disease. There are numerous ways to identify microbes; the fig…
Published	05/10/2024	acute antibody formation: {{c3::IGM}}chronic antibody formation: {{c3::IGG}}{{c3::gram stain}}: positive or negative{{c2::acid fast stain}}: TB (mycob…
Published	05/10/2024	Human pathogens, opportunists, and normal microbiota are diverse and each has unique genetic and physiologic capabilities that permit them to adapt to…
Published	05/10/2024	The living world is the world of cells. And on this world - Earth - two types of cells exist.1) {{c1::Eukaryotic}}, which make up all non-microscopic …
Published	05/10/2024	Humans can be infected by eukaryotic pathogens such as {{c1::fungi}}, {{c1::helminths}}, and {{c1::protozoa}}. Many prokaryotic microorganisms ({{c1::…
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Published	05/10/2024	Bacteria have about {{c1::1000x}} smaller volume than the typical human cell. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells, and as such they contain no membraneboun…
Published	05/10/2024	Later studies showed that gram+ cells {{c1::have thick cell walls}} and a single {{c1::inner cytoplasmic membrane}} (often the bacteria is {{c1::50}}%…
Published	05/10/2024	The bacterial {{c1::cell wall}} is an essential, all {{c1::enclosing}}, {{c1::rigid}}, {{c1::porous}}, protectivegirdle that surrounds the bacterial c…
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the diference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria
Published	05/10/2024	The difference in gram staining between the two results primarily from the {{c1::different wall thicknesses}}. Both bacteria take up {{c1::crystal-vio…
Published	05/10/2024	describe LPS pathology
Published	05/10/2024	Local versus systemic effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; also called endotoxin). In small amounts, LPS is excellent at activating a local innate immu…
Published	05/10/2024	describe the chemical composition of petidoglycan
Published	05/10/2024	In nature, large glucose polysaccharides are formed into many very useful molecules. Generally, they serve two major functions: {{c1::structural}} and…
Published	05/10/2024	Penicillin does not harm human cells because it blocks new bacterial cell wall synthesis and we do not make cell walls, thank you very much! Three ste…
Published	05/10/2024	describe the action of penicillin
Published	05/10/2024	The figure illustrates the effect of penicillin on bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall structure. The wall is built by 'spot welding' together the amino…
Published	05/10/2024	It is Penicillin's unstable {{c1::b-lactam}} ring structure, and its ability to covalently bind to proteins and form conjugates that also explains the…
Published	05/10/2024	While blocking cell wall production and blocking protein synthesis are the mode of action of the majority of antibiotics, there are several other majo…
Published	05/10/2024	Bacterial Physiology (And a Tiny Bit of Genetics) Bacteria are extremely diverse; chief among their differences is their capacity to deal with {{c1::o…
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Published	05/10/2024	Oxygen's Relationship With Bacteria. Living in an oxygen environment comes at a price – having to deal with toxic oxygen radicals. Two enzymes are of …
Published	05/10/2024	describe gene swapping, transduction, and conjugation
Published	05/10/2024	Exchange of DNA Between Bacteria. Genes can be exchanged between bacteria by three means: {{c1::Transformation}} - DNA is 'slurped' up from a nearby d…
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Published	05/10/2024	Bacterial DNA mutations occur in a similar way to eukaryotic DNA. These mutations fall into three groups: 1) {{c1::Point mutations}} - one DNA base is…
Published	05/10/2024	Streptococcus pyogenes Gram {{c1::+}} Divisions Prokaryotes: archea and bacteria Eukaryotes Graham stain process {{c1::Fixation Crystal v…
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