Notes in Handout 8

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Published	11/30/2023	Human Genome: 3X109 nt genome • About half the human genome is {{c1::various repeating sequences}} • ~50% of the genome may be transcribed to {{c1::RN…
Published	11/30/2023	Eukaryotic chromosome structure • Human genome is made up of {{c1::23}} chromosomes with a total length of almost {{c1::1}} meter • Each chromosome is…
Published	11/30/2023	Nucleosomes • The basic structural unit of {{c1::chromatin}} • Consist of (H2A)2(H2B)2(H3)2(H4)2 + ~200 bp of DNA + H1 • Nucleosome core particle = {{…
Published	11/30/2023	Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression • Control via {{c1::gene or chromatin alteration}} • Control at the {{c1::transcriptional}} level • Control a…
Published	11/30/2023	Control via gene or chromatin alteration (Part 1 of 3) Chromatin remodeling – Two types of chromatin: • {{c1::Heterochromatin}} contains highly conden…
Published	11/30/2023	Control via gene or chromatin alteration (Part 2 of 3) Methylation of DNA – Methylation of {{c1::cytosine}} residues to form {{c1::5-methylcytosine}} …
Published	11/30/2023	Control via gene or chromatin alteration (Part 3 of 3) Gene amplification:– Many copies of genes for specific proteins are generated – Not usually use…
Published	11/30/2023	Control at the transcriptional level: involves transcription factors:General concepts of transcription factor • Binds to specific {{c1::double-strande…
Published	11/30/2023	Means more RNAPII recruitment.Coactivators: {{c1::HAT}}, {{c1::ATP-driven chromatin remodeling complex}}, {{c1::HMT}}, {{c1::histone demethalyases}}, …
Published	11/30/2023	Lowers RNAPII recruitmentCorepressors: {{c1::HDAC}}, {{c1::HMT}}, {{c1::histone demethalyase}}, {{c1::histone kinase or phosphatase}}Favors what type …
Published	11/30/2023	The Synthesis of PEPCK:what do each do? enhance or silence transcription? then is how does it activate or inactive (mechanism)CRE (cAMP) = {{c1::encha…
Published	11/30/2023	importance? enzyme induction .{{c1::.}}. which is drug durg interaction. example: rifampin is PXR ligand = increase CYP3A4 = metabolizes simvastatin (…
Published	11/30/2023	Explain:SCAP: sense cholesterol level in cellsSREBP: transcription factor bound at ER membrane.When {{c1::low}} cholesterol in cells SCAP and SREBP tr…
Published	11/30/2023	Control at the posttranscriptional level (Part 1 of 3) • {{c2::Alternative splicing}}– Primary transcript splice at {{c1::different sites}} to gi…
Published	11/30/2023	Alternative splicing:Thyroid C cells make Calcitonin mRNA. Brain makes CGRP mRNA.CGRP levels increase during {{c1::migraine headaches}}.Drug:{{c1…
Published	11/30/2023	Control at the posttranscriptional level (Part 2 of 3) mRNA stability – Half-lives of eukaryotic mRNAs vary from minutes to hours – Hairpin loop struc…
Published	11/30/2023	Control at the posttranscriptional level (Part 3 of 3) MicroRNA (miRNA) mediated regulation – Endogenous small RNA molecules (~22 nucleotides) that do…
Published	11/30/2023	Control at the translational level • Hairpin loop at 5’-UTRMechanism: {{c1::This makes a hairpin that blocks and makes it harder to scan for the AUG s…
Published	11/30/2023	Control at the posttranslational level • Protein half-life is regulated by {{c1::other regulatory proteins}} – e.g. ubiquitination: {{c1::forms ubiqui…
Published	11/30/2023	{{c1::Normoxia}} condition of HIF-1a -> Ub attaches to HIF and causes degradation.{{c1::Hypoxia}} condition-> no ub so no degradation.
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