Notes in Pharmacokinetics

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Published	08/27/2023	{{c1::Pharmacology}} is the study of medications, or chemical compounds, which interact with various living systems, from tiny molecules to cells, to …
Published	08/27/2023	process of developing a new medication:1. {{c1::discovery}}: candidate compound is picked out as a possible therapeutic agent for a specific disease2.…
Published	08/29/2023	for new medication, clinical trials are done in 4 phases:→ “All medications need the {{c1::SEAL}} of approval" - Phase I: {{c2::Safety}}→ tr…
Published	08/27/2023	three names of medications:- {{c2::chemical}}: describing its chemical structure and used mostly in scientific studies, like N-acetyl-p-aminophenol- {…
Published	09/01/2023	once a medication is administered, it starts interacting with the body... can be broken down into pharmaco{{c1::kinetics}} and pharmaco{{c1::dyna…
Published	08/27/2023	the {{c1::therapeutic index}} refers to ratio between toxic dose and effective dose of a given medication- to calculate {{c1::therapeutic index}}, div…
Published	08/29/2023	drug-drug interactions*medications can interact with each other on both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic levelspharmaco{{c7::kinetic}} interac…
Published	08/27/2023	routes of {{c1::administration}}: ways medication can be given to someonedosing {{c2::regimen}}: the particular schedule of frequency and dose a medic…
Published	08/31/2023	routes of administration{{c6::enteral}}- medication is administered through the {{c1::gastrointestinal tract}}- {{c2::peroral}} administration: swallo…
Published	09/09/2023	choosing route of administration depends on many factors:- {{c1::chemical}} properties of medication itself (stability, ability to cross certian barri…
Published	09/09/2023	{{c1::Bioavailability (F)}} refers to the portion of a medication that reaches the systemic circulation when administered by non-intravenous routes→ a…
Published	08/27/2023	dosing regime: - frequency of administration = dosing {{c4::interval}}- amount administered = {{c3::dose}}- affects {{c1::onset}} of action as we…
Published	09/09/2023	dosing regimesinterval = how frequent dose = how muchsingle dosing- only {{c3::one}} dose of a medication is administered- plasma levels rise a…
Published	09/09/2023	in life-threatening situations or with medications that have long half-lives, steady state can be reached more quickly by administering an initial {{c…
Published	09/09/2023	maintenance dose and loading dose calculations are mainly dependent on the following:- clearance rate- bioavailability- volume of distribution (Vd)*if…
Published	09/01/2023	{{c1::Pharmacokinetics}} refers to movement and modification of a medication inside the body*what body does to medication = ADMEroute of administratio…
Published	08/29/2023	pharmacokinetics: absorption- process of moving the medication from site of administration into {{c7::circulation}}- medication will need to cross one…
Published	09/09/2023	factors that affect rate and extent of medication absorption:- {{c3::pH}} of environment where absorption takes place→ most meds are weak acids/bases→…
Published	08/29/2023	{{c1::first-pass}} metabolism (effect): medication taken by mouth → absorbed through walls of {{c2::small intestine}} → transported to liver via …
Published	08/29/2023	{{c1::Bioavailability (F)}} is fraction of an {{c2::orally}} administered medication that eventually reaches circulation in {{c3::unchanged}} form→&nb…
Published	09/09/2023	pharmacokinetics: distribution- movement of a medication from {{c1::circulation}} into the body {{c2::tissues}}blood supply- body tissues that re…
Published	08/29/2023	{{c1::apparent volume of distribution (Vd)}} of a medication: hypothetical {{c3::volume}} that accommodates all of the medication in body→ used to rep…
Published	09/09/2023	pharmacokinetics: metabolism- process of converting a medication into a less or more active form (known as {{c1::metabolites}})→ drug might be adminis…
Published	09/09/2023	pharmacokinetics: metabolism (phases I and II reactions)- both take place primarily in {{c2::liver}} but sometimes also in lungs, kidneys, and wa…
Published	09/09/2023	metabolizers- {{c1::genetic}} variability between individuals due to fewer/less effective metabolism enzymes → poor metabolizers (certain medicat…
Published	08/29/2023	enzymatic activity- at birth, metabolic enzyme systems are not fully {{c1::developed}}- as we age, enzymatic activity {{c2::decreases}}&nbsp…
Published	09/09/2023	drug interactions- two medications given at same time that are also metabolized by same {{c2::enzyme}} → neither drug will be broken down at…
Published	08/29/2023	pharmacokinetics: elimination- {{c1::elimination}} is removal of a medication from body→ can be through {{c4::metabolism}}: medication is broken down …
Published	10/05/2023	pharmacokinetics: elimination - excretion via urinenephron - filtration & excretion- {{c1::apical}} surface faces lumen and {{c2::basolateral}} su…
Published	08/29/2023	pharmacokinetics: elimination - excretion via bile/feces, etc.- oral drugs that do not get absorbed from GI tract are directly passed in {{c1::fe…
Published	08/30/2023	pharmacokinetics - clearance (CL)- volume of {{c10::plasma}} removed of a medication/drug per unit of {{c1::time}}- different types of clearance route…
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Published	08/31/2023	pharmacodynamics- biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body- agonists and partial agonists increase activity above {{c1::basal}} rate→ …
Published	09/09/2023	{{c1::potency}}: depends the dose needed to produce an clinical effect→ needing less dosage to produce 50% effect = more {{c1::potent}} {{c2::efficac…
Published	08/29/2023	Details needed for prescriptionName: {{c1::generic}} name unless brand is specified {{c2::Strength}}: Which form of tablet or concentration? Dosage:…
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Published	08/31/2023	{{c4::therapeutic index}}: difference between {{c1::therapeutic}} dosage and {{c2::toxic}} dosage- can be narrow or wide*having a {{c3::wide}} therape…
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Published	08/30/2023	"let it marinate in your brain" - Dr. Pharmacokinetics Prof
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Published	08/30/2023	{{c1::Vd}} gives info about how many different compartments of fluid (and even other tissues?) of our body that a drug moves through
Published	08/30/2023	Drug transformation occurs mostly in {{c2::liver::organ}}- non-{{c1::polar}} drugs are converted into {{c1::polar}} metabolites (sometimes toxic metab…
Published	08/30/2023	{{c4::CYP}} is a family of {{c1::heme}}-containing enzymes that mostly live on {{c2::mitochondrial::organelle}} or {{c2::ER::organelle}} membrane- eac…
Published	08/30/2023	liver does {{c2::metabolism}} while kidney does {{c1::excretion}}
Published	09/09/2023	First Order Elimination• Rate determined by {{c1::concentration}} • {{c2::Half-life}} helps determine rate of elimination • Most drugs at therapeutic …
Published	09/09/2023	Clearance (Cl)- rate of removal of drug from volume of plasma- used to determine calculations such as steady-state concentration, loading dose{{c2::st…
Published	09/09/2023	Visuals for dosing regimens
Published	08/30/2023	What is the path of an oral prodrug that is transformed into active metabolite via phase I transformation, undergoes first-pass metabolism via CYP enz…
Published	08/30/2023	A patient with seizure disorder presents to the ED with a self-limited seizure. They ran out of their prescribed phenytoin. What pharmaceutical interv…
Published	08/30/2023	Codeine gets its analgesic affect because is metabolized into morphine by CYP 2D6. Because of genetic differences, some people are 2D6 slow metabolize…
Published	08/30/2023	You are managing a patient after an overdose. Although this drug has a half-life of 6 hours, you patient has been symptomatic for two days. How could …
Published	09/03/2023	In patients with impaired renal or hepatic function, the {{c1::loading}} dose of a medication should be the same because it only depends on …
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