Notes in VT24 Social Studies

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	01/31/2024	Financial localism
Published	01/29/2024	Private secondary schools
Published	01/29/2024	Universities
Published	01/29/2024	GI Bill
Published	01/29/2024	Bussing
Published	01/29/2024	Brown v. Board of education
Published	01/29/2024	Community colleges
Published	01/29/2024	Separation of powers
Published	01/29/2024	Checks and balances
Published	01/29/2024	Congress
Published	01/29/2024	President
Published	01/29/2024	Primary elections
Published	01/29/2024	Citizens United vs. the FEC
Published	01/29/2024	Judicial review
Published	01/29/2024	The New Deal
Published	01/29/2024	Social Security Act
Published	01/29/2024	Medicare
Published	01/29/2024	Affordable Care Act
Published	01/29/2024	Great Society
Published	01/29/2024	1924 Nations Origins Act
Published	01/29/2024	Roe v. Wade
Published	01/29/2024	Indian Removal Act of 1830
Published	01/29/2024	Jim Crow laws
Published	01/29/2024	De facto and de jure segregation
Published	01/29/2024	Lation group
Published	01/29/2024	The language question in the Census
Published	01/29/2024	Language minorities
Published	01/29/2024	LOTE
Published	01/29/2024	Independent schools
Published	01/29/2024	1944 Education Act
Published	01/29/2024	The eleven-plus
Published	01/29/2024	Grammar schools
Published	01/29/2024	Comprehensive schools
Published	01/29/2024	"Ancient" universities
Published	01/29/2024	"Redbrick" unversities
Published	01/29/2024	A levels
Published	01/29/2024	House of commons
Published	01/29/2024	House of Lords
Published	01/29/2024	Constituencies
Published	01/29/2024	First-past-the-post system
Published	01/29/2024	Proportional Representation
Published	01/29/2024	The Monarch
Published	01/29/2024	The Prime Minister
Published	01/29/2024	Poor Laws
Published	01/29/2024	National Health Serivce
Published	01/29/2024	GP
Published	01/29/2024	Beveridge Report
Published	01/29/2024	Social housing
Published	01/29/2024	The right-to-buy policy
Published	01/29/2024	The Celtic peoples
Published	01/29/2024	Act of Union of 1801
Published	01/29/2024	Non-white Commonwealth immigration
Published	01/29/2024	Ethnic Groups in the U.K.
Published	01/29/2024	Race Relations Act
Published	01/29/2024	UK political union
Published	01/29/2024	Devolution
Published	01/29/2024	"Break-up Britain"
Published	01/29/2024	Brexit
Published	01/29/2024	The pulling down of the statue of Edward Colston
Published	01/29/2024	Arguments in favor of the British Empire
Published	01/29/2024	The Windrush Scandal
Published	01/31/2024	What two groups exerice political localism?{{c1::The members of the LED's board of education}}{{c2::Parent-Teacher-Student association (PTSA)}}
Published	01/31/2024	PTSA
Published	01/31/2024	LED
Published	01/31/2024	How much does local real-estate tax raise on avarage for LED budgets?
Published	01/31/2024	The people typically elelected to a LED board{{c1::Parents}}{{c2::Teachers}}{{c3::Local buisiness people}}
Published	01/31/2024	Examples of decisions made by the LED{{c1::Size and content of school budget}}{{c2::Hiring and firing of teachers and administrators}}{{c3::The choice…
Published	01/31/2024	The PTSA is a {{c1::volountary organization}} that {{c2::elects its own officers}}. It has {{c3::no legal authority}} to make {{c4::school policy}}, b…
Published	01/31/2024	Pluralism
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::Four}} out of {{c2::five}} {{c3::private educational institutions}} are {{c4::parochial}} schools in the US
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::Private schools}} depend heavily on {{c2::endowments}} (private donations), {{c3::investments}} and {{c4::income from fee-paying students}} to m…
Published	01/31/2024	What are some reasons parents might send their children to private schools in the US?Dissatisfaction with the public schools’ {{c1::academic standards…
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::Bussing programs}} to end segregation contributed to {{c2::increased enrollment}} at {{c3::all-white private schools}}.
Published	01/31/2024	A recent development is that in some areas parents can receive {{c1::grants}} (or {{c2::government vouchers}}) to pay for {{c3::tuition}} at private s…
Published	01/31/2024	NCLB
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::Colleges}} and {{c2::univiersities}} select {{c3::a student body}} according to criteria set by {{c4::the individual institution}} rather than b…
Published	01/31/2024	The Second World War was a watershed in American higher education. To ease the return of {{c7::veterans}} to {{c1::civilian life}}, Congress passed th…
Published	01/31/2024	{{c2::The Supreme Court}}'s {{c1::Brown v. Board of Education}} decision struck down the principle of {{c3::separate-but-equal}} {{c4::educational fac…
Published	01/31/2024	From {{c1::1955}} to {{c2::1974}}, {{c3::the Supreme Court}} tried to {{c4::desegregate}} America’s {{c5::public schools}}. It settled on {{c6::bussin…
Published	01/31/2024	By {{c1::1974}}, the nation’s mood had become strongly {{c2::anti-bussing}}, and when asked to decide whether a {{c3::city-and-suburbs bussing plan}} …
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::Bussing}} led to {{c2::Whites}} fleeing to {{c3::the suburbs}} in greater numbers and the small percantage who could afford it sent their childr…
Published	01/31/2024	Brown v. Board of Education
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::Community colleges}} give courses for the first {{c2::two}} years of college, at little or no cost to {{c3::local residents}}. After that, stude…
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::Community colleges}} run by {{c2::local authorities}} offer many shorter {{c3::certificate programs}} suited to the {{c4::occupational need…
Published	01/31/2024	British schools are divided into {{c1::state}} (maintained from {{c2::public funds}}) and {{c3::independent sectors}} ({{c4::privately}} financed) (th…
Published	01/31/2024	The {{c1::independent}} school sector operates mainly in {{c2::England}}, is separate from the {{c3::state}} school structure and caters for some…
Published	01/31/2024	There are about {{c1::2,500}} {{c2::independent}} schools of varying size and status with over 517,113 pupils in the UK.
Published	01/31/2024	The {{c1::independet}} sector is defined by {{c2::payment for education}}. Its financing derives from {{c3::investments}} and {{c4::the fees paid by t…
Published	01/31/2024	So-called {{c1::public schools}} (private, not state), such as Eton, Harrow, the King’s School, Canterbury and Winchester, are the most famous of the …
Published	01/31/2024	Many {{c1::independent schools}} were originally created to provide education for {{c2::the sons of the rich and aristocratic}}, although some were un…
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::Independent schools}} play a significant role in British education and many {{c2::leading figures}} have been educated at them. Entry today is {…
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::Independent preparatory schools}} (at the {{c2::primary}} level) prepare their pupils for {{c3::secondary school entrance}}, and parents who dec…
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::The independent sector}} in the UK is criticized for being:{{c2::elitist}}{{c3::socially divisive}}{{c4::based on the ability to pay for educati…
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::The Labour Party}} has long argued for the abolition of {{c2::independent schools}} and the removal of their {{c3::tax}} and {{c4::cha…
Published	01/31/2024	What happened during the 1944 Education Act?The act reorganized {{c1::state primary and secondary}} schools in {{c2::England and Wales}}{{c3::State sc…
Published	01/31/2024	Two types of state school resulted from the {{c1::the 1944 Education act}}: {{c2::county}} and {{c3::voluntary}}.
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::County}} schools were created by {{c4::LEAs}} in each {{c1::county}} and divided into {{c2::primary}} and {{c3::secondary}} schools.
Published	01/31/2024	LEA
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::Voluntary}} schools were mainly those {{c2::elementary}} schools which had been founded by {{c3::religious}} and {{c4::other groups}} and which …
Published	01/31/2024	Following {{c1::the 1944 Education Act}}, most {{c2::state secondary}} schools in {{c3::England/Wales}} and {{c4::Northern Ireland}} were effectively …
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::The eleven-plus examination}} was adopted by most {{c2::LEAs}}; consisted of {{c3::intelligence tests}} which covered {{c4::linguistic}}, {{c5::…
Published	01/31/2024	The object of {{c1::the eleven-plus examination}} was to differentiate between {{c2::academic}} and {{c3::non-academic}} children, and it introdu…
Published	01/31/2024	Although all schools were supposed to be equal in their educational aims, {{c1::the grammar schools}} were equated with {{c2::a better education (more…
Published	01/31/2024	The intention of {{c1::the 1944 Education Act}} was to provide {{c2::universal}} and {{c3::free}} {{c4::state primary and secondary}} education. {{c5:…
Published	01/31/2024	Equal opportunity from {{c5::the 1944 education act}} would{{c1::expand the educational market}}{{c2::lead to a better educated society}}{{c3::en…
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::Labour governments}} from {{c2::1964}} were committed to abolishing {{c3::the elevenplus}}, {{c4::selection}} and {{c5::the secondary schoo…
Published	01/31/2024	The battle for the {{c1::comprehensive}} and {{c2::selective}} systems was fierce. Although more schools became {{c1::comprehensive}} under the {…
Published	01/31/2024	The new {{c1::A level}} two-year course, whose content has been revised and updated, has been taught from {{c3::2015}} and has a {{c4::final written e…
Published	01/31/2024	There is continuing discussion about the {{c2::format}} and {{c3::content}} of {{c1::A levels}} and the system has been {{c5::criticized}} for {{c4::o…
Published	01/31/2024	Should pupils obtain the required examination results at {{c1::A}} or equivalent levels, and be successful at {{c2::possible interviews}}, they may go…
Published	01/31/2024	The {{c5::universities}} can be broadly classified into four types.{{c1::The ancient universitites}}{{c2::'Redbrick' or civic universities}}{{c3::Univ…
Published	01/31/2024	The {{c1::ancient}} universities of {{c2::Oxford}} and {{c3::Cambridge}}, composed of their many {{c4::colleges}}, date from the {{c5::thirteenth…
Published	01/31/2024	A second group comprises the ‘{{c1::redbrick}}’ or {{c2::civic}} universities such as {{c3::Leeds}}, {{c4::Liverpool}} and {{c5::Manchester}…
Published	01/31/2024	The third group consists of universities founded after the {{c1::Second World War}} and in the {{c2::1960s}}. Many of the latter, for exampl…
Published	01/31/2024	The fourth group are the {{c1::‘new universities’}} created in {{c2::1992}} when {{c3::polytechnics}} and {{c4::some other colleges}} were g…
Published	01/31/2024	Parochial schools
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.8463:top=.8622:width=.1451:height=.0857:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.007:top=.6563:width=.1265:height=.0374…
Published	01/29/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0502:top=.8181:width=.1607:height=.0311:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0534:top=.8507:width=.1724:height=.026…
Published	01/31/2024	The enduring principles in the {{c1::Constitution}} are {{c2::republicanism}}, {{c3::federalism}}, {{c4::the separation of powers}} and {{c5::the syst…
Published	01/31/2024	{{c3::Republicanism}} is the belief in a government without people privileged by {{c1::birth}} or {{c2::occupational class}}.
Published	01/31/2024	The third basic principle in the Constitution is the {{c1::separation of powers}} between the {{c2::legislative}}, {{c3::executive}} and {{c4::judicia…
Published	01/31/2024	The {{c1:: government branches}} share power through a system of {{c2::checks and balances}}.
Published	01/31/2024	The legislative branch
Published	01/31/2024	The executive branch
Published	01/31/2024	The judicial branch
Published	01/31/2024	What are the two chambers of Congress?{{c2::The House of representatives}}{{c1::The Senate}}
Published	01/31/2024	The Constitution grants {{c3::Congress}} “{{c1::all legislative powers}}” in the federal government. The president, interest groups and private citize…
Published	01/31/2024	Elections for {{c1::Congress}} take place in different subdivisions: {{c2::congressional districts}}, each of which chooses {{c4::one member of the Ho…
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::Congressional}} elections take place every {{c2::two}} years, when {{c3::all members of the House of Representatives}} and {{c4::one-third of th…
Published	01/31/2024	A key to understanding {{c2::the nature of Congress}} lies in remembering that {{c1::the US does not have a parliamentary form of government}}.
Published	01/31/2024	To run for a seat in {{c1::Congress}}, usually a candidate must first win a {{c2::primary election}}.
Published	01/31/2024	Victory in a {{c3::primary}} for congress comes with a {{c1::plurality}} rather than a {{c2::majority}} of the votes. In some states, {{c4::the two fr…
Published	02/21/2024	The {{c1::executive branch}} consists of {{c2::15 departments}}, {{c3::90 independent agencies}}, {{c4::4 branches of military}} and {{c5::numerable g…
Published	01/31/2024	EOP
Published	02/21/2024	What are the two chambers of Congress?{{c1::The House of representatives}}{{c1::The Senate}}
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::The separation of power}} prevents {{c2::the concentration of power in any one branch of government}} and creates {{c3::cooperation and tension …
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::Federal judges}} sit in {{c4::an independent judicial branch}} protected by {{c2::the separation of powers}} and {{c3::their lifetime terms of o…
Published	01/31/2024	The {{c1::House of representatives}} responds more quickly than the {{c1::Senate}} to the electorate's mood.
Published	01/31/2024	The large majority of the two chambers of congress consists of {{c1::middle-aged, white men}}.
Published	01/31/2024	To qualify for a seat in the {{c4::Senate}}, a person must{{c1::be 30 years old}}{{c2::a citizen for nine years}}{{c3::a resident of the state where e…
Published	02/21/2024	To qualify for a seat in the {{c1::House of representatives}}, a person must{{c2::be 25 years old}}{{c3::a citizen for seven years}}{{c4::by custom, a…
Published	01/31/2024	The {{c2::House of representatives}} consists of {{c1::435}} seats
Published	01/31/2024	The {{c2::Senate}} consists of {{c1::100}} seats
Published	01/31/2024	What are some ways members of congress organize themselves?{{c1::By party}}{{c2::By state}}{{c3::In caucuses}}
Published	01/31/2024	Caucuses
Published	01/31/2024	{{c2::Congress}} does most of its work in {{c1::committees}}.
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::The president}} must be;{{c2::born in the US}}{{c3::35 years old}}{{c4::a resident of the US for 14 years}}
Published	01/31/2024	In a system of {{c3::checks and balances}} {{c4::the president}}'s power is not to {{c2::command}} but to {{c1::persuade}}.
Published	01/31/2024	The federal government has passed laws to {{c2::regulate campaign funding}} since {{c1::the mid-1800s}}.
Published	01/31/2024	When was Citizen United v. the FEC?
Published	01/31/2024	What did the Supreme Court rule in Citizen United v. the FEC?
Published	01/31/2024	What was the effect of Citizens United v. the FEC?
Published	01/31/2024	PAC
Published	01/31/2024	BCRA
Published	01/31/2024	FEC
Published	01/31/2024	Judicial review
Published	01/31/2024	{{c2::The monarch}} is expected to be {{c1::politcally neutral}}.
Published	01/31/2024	The {{c5::monarch}} cannot{{c4::make laws}}{{c3::impose taxes}}{{c2::spend public money}}{{c1::act unilaterally}}
Published	01/31/2024	The {{c1::monarch}} has the right to be {{c2::informed of all aspects of national life}} by {{c3::receiving government documents}} and {{c4::meeting w…
Published	02/21/2024	The {{c1::monarch}} has the constitutional right to {{c2::encourage, warn and advise}} {{c3::ministers}}.
Published	01/31/2024	A central power possessed by the {{c2::monarch}} is {{c1::the choice and appointment of the UK prime minister}}.
Published	01/31/2024	Critics of the monarchy argue that it{{c1::lacks adaptability}}{{c2::is out of date, undemocratic and expensive}} {{c3::is associated with aristo…
Published	01/31/2024	Critics who favour the continuation of the monarchy argue that it {{c11::is popular}}{{c10::has adapted to modern requirements}} {{c9::is a symbo…
Published	01/31/2024	The UK’s Parliament comprises the {{c1::non-elected House of Lords}}, {{c2::the elected House of Commons}} and {{c3::the monarch}}.
Published	01/31/2024	The UK’s Parliament comprises {{c1::the non-elected House of Lords, the elected House of Commons and the monarch}}.
Published	01/31/2024	The {{c3::House of Lords}} consists of {{c1::778}} Lords {{c2::Temporal}} and Lords {{c2::Spiritual}}.
Published	02/21/2024	Lords {{c1::Spiritual}} are the {{c2::archbishops of York and Canterbury and 24 senior bishops of the Church of England}}.
Published	01/31/2024	The Lords {{c1::Temporal}} now comprise 88 {{c2::peers and peeresses with hereditary titles}} and about 664 {{c3::life peers and peeresses}}.
Published	01/31/2024	Daily attendance in {{c2::the House of Lords}} vary from {{c1::a handful}} to {{c1::a few hundred}}.
Published	01/31/2024	The {{c2::House of Lords}} has an {{c3::amending}} function, which may be used to {{c1::delay government legislation for up to one year}} or {{c4::to …
Published	01/31/2024	The {{c1::House of Lords}} is a safeguard against over-hasty legislation by the {{c1::House of Commons}}.
Published	01/31/2024	The {{c2::House of Commons}} has {{c1::650}} Members of Parliament.
Published	01/31/2024	MP
Published	01/31/2024	Parliamentary procedure in {{c5::both Houses of Parliament}} is based on {{c4::custom}}{{c3::convention}}{{c2::precedent}}{{c1::detailed rules}}
Published	01/31/2024	The House of Commons meets {{c1::every weekday}}.
Published	02/21/2024	The UK is divided for Westminster parliamentary elections to the {{c3::Houseof Commons}} into {{c1::650}} {{c2::constituencies}}.
Published	01/31/2024	Constituencies
Published	01/31/2024	Each {{c1::constituency}} returns {{c2::one MP to the House of Commons}} at a general election.
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::Constituency boundaries}} are adjusted to {{c2::ensure fair representation}} and to {{c3::reflect population movements}}.
Published	01/31/2024	{{c2::General elections}} are {{c1::by secret ballot}}.
Published	01/31/2024	Voting is {{c1::not compulsory}} in the UK.
Published	01/31/2024	The candidate who wins the most votes in a {{c1::constituency}} is elected MP for that area. This is known as {{c2::the simple majority}} or ‘{{c3::fi…
Published	02/21/2024	It is argued that the British people prefer {{c1::the stronger government}} whichcan result from {{c2::the first-past-the-post system}}.
Published	01/31/2024	{{c6::Proportional Representation}} systems are alleged to have weaknesses, such as;{{c5::party control of lists}}{{c4::coalition or minority governme…
Published	01/31/2024	{{c2::Weak minority}} and {{c2::small-majority}} (or {{c2::coalition}}) government can result from the {{c1::first-past-the-post}} system, not only a …
Published	01/31/2024	Election success in the UK depends on {{c1::whether support is concentrated in geographical areas}}. Smaller parties with {{c2::scattered support}} do…
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::The prime minister}} is appointed by {{c2::the monarch}} and is {{c3::usually the leader of the majority party in the Commons}}.
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::The prime minister}} has great power in the British system of governmentand it is suggested that the office has come to resemble {{c2::an all-po…
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::The prime minister}} sits in {{c4::the Commons}} where {{c2::they may be questioned}} and {{c3::held accountable for government actions}}
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::The prime minister}} was historically the link between {{c2::monarch}} and {{c4::Parliament}}. This convention continues in the confidential wee…
Published	01/31/2024	NHS
Published	01/31/2024	AFDC
Published	01/31/2024	GA
Published	01/31/2024	ACA
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::The old Poor Law}} was replaced by {{c2::the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834}} in England and Wales (later in Scotland).
Published	01/31/2024	The old Poor Law was replaced by the Poor Law Amendment Act of {{c1::1834}} in England and Wales (later in Scotland).
Published	01/31/2024	In {{c2::Elizabeth I’s reign (1558–1603)}}, {{c1::a Poor Law}} was established in {{c3::England}}.
Published	01/31/2024	In Elizabeth I’s reign ({{c1::1558}}–{{c2::1603}}), a Poor Law was established in England
Published	02/21/2024	By a {{c4::poor law}} {{c1::the state}} took over the organization of {{c3::charity provisions}} from the {{c2::Church}}.
Published	01/31/2024	{{c1::The Poor Law}} was the start {{c2::of state social legislation in Britain}}.
Status	Last Update	Fields