Notes in Molecular Biochemistry

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Published	02/08/2025	A 10-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is started on 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). Which of the following statements correctly describes…
Published	02/08/2025	A 45-year-old kidney transplant recipient is prescribed mycophenolate mofetil to prevent rejection. This drug specifically inhibits which enzyme in pu…
Published	02/06/2025	A 50-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis is prescribed leflunomide as part of his treatment regimen. This drug primarily inhibits the synthesis of …
Published	02/08/2025	A 32-year-old woman with sickle cell disease is started on hydroxyurea therapy. This drug increases fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels, reducing sickling e…
Published	02/06/2025	A 65-year-old man with colorectal cancer is treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). This drug primarily inhibits the conversion of: A) dUMP to dTMP B) IM…
Published	02/06/2025	A 58-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis is started on methotrexate for disease management. She is advised to take folic acid supplements to redu…
Published	02/06/2025	Purine synthesis starts with {{c1::ribose 5- phosphate}} coming from the HMP shunt, the first step is to create {{c1::PRPP : 5-phosphoribosyl -1-…
Published	02/08/2025	A 2-month-old infant presents with failure to thrive, chronic diarrhea, and recurrent infections. Laboratory tests reveal profound lymphopenia. A defi…
Published	02/06/2025	A cancer patient is being treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The drug exerts its effect by inhibiting the conversion of dUMP to dTMP, leading to a de…
Published	02/08/2025	A 4-month-old girl presents with failure to thrive, developmental delay, and megaloblastic anemia. Laboratory tests reveal elevated orotic acid in the…
Published	02/08/2025	A 3-year-old boy presents with self-mutilating behavior, intellectual disability, and dystonia. Laboratory tests reveal hyperuricemia. A deficiency in…
Published	02/06/2025	A researcher is studying nucleotide biosynthesis in a laboratory model. She uses a chemical inhibitor that specifically blocks the rate-limiting enzym…
Published	02/06/2025	A 45-year-old man with a history of hypertension and atrial fibrillation presents to the clinic with fatigue, joint pain, and a rash on his face and u…
Published	02/06/2025	All nitrogen needed for the synthesis of bases comes from aminoacids. The ingredients for the synthesis of purines are: Aminoacids: {{c1::Gl…
Published	02/06/2025	Histones have a {{c1:: positive}} charge from the aminoacids {{c1::lysine and arginine}}. There are different types of histones called {{c1:: H1,…
Published	02/06/2025	A 54-year-old female presents for evaluation of joint pain and fevers. She has a history of systolic heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fr…
Published	02/06/2025	NIH researchers are studying leptin gene expression in diabetic patients. Their data show that diabetic patients have lower levels of leptin…
Published	02/06/2025	DNA is a polymer made of {{c1::nucleotides}}, which are made from a : {{c1::Nitrogenous base+ deoxyribose+ phosphate group }}Different from nucle…
Published	02/06/2025	Histone deacetylation is the removal of  {{c1::acetyl}} groups which causes {{c1::tightned DNA coiling}}, therefore {{c1::decreasing}} …
Published	02/06/2025	There are {{c1::five}} nitrogenous bases that are found in nucleotides in the human body. Pyrimidines have {{c1::one}} ring/rings and a…
Published	02/06/2025	Histone acetylation is the removal of the histone's {{c1::positive}} charge by adding and acetyl group to {{c1::lysine}} with the help of the enzyme&n…
Published	02/06/2025	Histone methylation usually causes {{c1::reversible}} transcriptional suppression, it {{c1::can}} cause activation depending on the location of t…
Published	02/06/2025	In epigenetics, DNA methylation occurs when a methyl group is added to {{c1::cytosine}}, it tends to happen in  {{c1::CGP}} islands , therefore c…
Published	02/06/2025	What are the types of chromatin, which one is more condensed , how does that affect transcription , and how does it appear on EM.
Published	02/06/2025	Nucleosomes are units of {{c1::Histones}} + {{c1::DNA}}
Published	02/06/2025	There are two sources for the formation of nucleotides:1. {{c1::Exogenous, by the diet}} 2.{{c1::Endogenous}} either by {{c1::direct sy…
Published	02/06/2025	Regulation of purine synthesis  When the levels of {{c1::AMP}} or {{c1::GMP}} are elevated , they inhibit the conversion of {{c1::…
Published	02/08/2025	{{c1::Ribavarin}} and {{c1::mycophenolate}} inhibit the synthesis of guanine nucleotides, by inhibiting the enzyme {{c1::IMP dehydrogen…
Published	02/06/2025	Free purine bases can either be converted to {{c1::uric acid}} or be {{c1::salvaged}}To convert these free bases back into nucleotides, we n…
Published	02/08/2025	{{c1::6-mercaptopurine}} and {{c1::Azathioprine}} mimic the structure of {{c1::hypoxanthine/guanine}}, therefore it can be added to PRPP by …
Published	02/06/2025	Purine breakdown from free bases to uric acid{{c1::Hypoxanthine}} and {{c1::guanine}} are converted to {{c1::Xanthine}} and then to uri…
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