Notes in Protein and Lipid Metabolism

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Published	09/10/2023	Human body generates a lot of waste products and our {{c7::kidneys}} is capable of getting rid of most of them... {{c8::liver}} takes care of ammonia&…
Published	09/10/2023	Ammonia - major toxin that results from metabolism of {{c1::amino acids}}, specifically derived from the {{c2::nitrogen}} of {{c1::AAs}} - s…
Published	09/10/2023	Ammonia Transport two methods of carrying this toxin... Method 1 used throughout by cells throughout body 1. {{c9::glutamine synthetase}}&nbs…
Published	09/10/2023	urea cycle- series of enzymatic reactions that modify chemical structure of substrates → ultimately results in urea*urea: 2 {{c1::nitrogen}} groups an…
Published	09/10/2023	- small non-polar molecules are able to diffuse {{c1::rapidly}} through cell membrane→ oxygen or carbon dioxide   - small, {{c2::polar}} molecule…
Published	09/10/2023	bulk transport- used when the cell needs to transport a lot of molecules, or a {{c22::very big}} molecule- endocytosis and exocytosis*both require {{c…
Published	09/10/2023	endocytosis ...three types:1. {{c1::phagocytosis}}: used by white blood cells like macrophages and neutrophils that patrol body looking…
Published	09/10/2023	exocytosis- starts at Golgi apparatus: takes proteins, lipids, and hormonesgenerated in smooth and rough ERs→ packages into vesicle that can be transp…
Published	09/10/2023	lipids- come in many forms, including cholesterol, glycerol, phospholipids, and {{c1::fatty acids}}*{{c1::fatty acids}} are the simplest form with lon…
Published	09/10/2023	fatty acid synthesis *{{c5::short}} and {{c5::medium}}-chain fatty acids are primarily obtained from diet, but {{c6::liver}} and {{c6::fat}} cell…
Published	09/10/2023	{{c1::acetyl-CoA}} for FAS is mainly derived from {{c2::carbohydrate}} metabolism 1. glycolysis makes {{c3::pyruvate}}2. then pyruvate dehyrdogen…
Published	09/10/2023	pre-FAS processes (citrate shuttle)*when there is a lot of ATP available, the citric acid cycle is inhibited → extra acetyl-CoA molecules can be used …
Published	09/10/2023	first step of FAS*occurs once enough {{c12::NADPH}} and acetyl-CoA is available - {{c1::acetyl-CoA carboxylase}}: converts acetyl-CoA into {{c2::…
Published	09/10/2023	fatty acid synthase complex and stepsrequired to polymerize our acetyl-CoA monomerscomplex has two separate {{c1::binding domains}} at each end...→ …
Published	09/10/2023	fatty acid synthesis cycles*first round is slightly different - per cycle, 1 {{c1::acetyl-CoA}} and 2 {{c2::NADPH}} → converted to {{c3::mal…
Published	09/10/2023	once fatty acids are made, they’re stored in {{c2::liver}} and fat cells as {{c1::triacylglycerides}}→ when needed, they are broken down to make {{c3:…
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