Notes in MB721 - exam #2

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Published	05/10/2024	Describe innate immunity (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What are innate defenses of the body? (8)
Published	05/10/2024	Innate vs Adaptive1) specificity of rxn2) speed of rxn3) memory development
Published	05/10/2024	1) B lymphocyte -> plasma cell2) T-lympocyte3) basophil4) eosinophil5) monocyte6) neutrophil7) platelets8) RBC
Published	05/10/2024	What will monocytes become? (5)
Published	05/10/2024	The inflammatory response is usually considered part of the ___ immune system- when will they interact w/ mechanisms of ___ immunity? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What does tissue injury/infection result in immediate release & production of? from what cells?- what will this release cause? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What is the function of CAMs?
Published	05/10/2024	Acute vs chronic cells
Published	05/10/2024	Adaptive Immunity:1) what cells?2) why those cells^3) what is it also called?
Published	05/10/2024	Does the lymphoid or brain have a greater mass?1) what does the lymphoid system consist of?2) is the lymphoid system part of the innate or adaptive im…
Published	05/10/2024	Primary lymphoid tissues:1) what tissues?2) what do these tissues do?
Published	05/10/2024	Secondary lymphoid tissues:1) what will move to these tissues?2) what tissues? (6)3) describe the tissues
Published	05/10/2024	Why are there a large number of cells in secondary lymphoid tissues?- what aids this process?
Published	05/10/2024	Why are lymphocytes (especially T cells) continually traveling throughout the body's tissues via the blood & lymphatic systems?
Published	05/10/2024	What are secondary lymphoid tissues sites of?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the B cell receptor (BCR) (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the T cell receptor (TCR) (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What occurs once a TCR binds to processed Ag on another cell?
Published	05/10/2024	What are some functions of cytokines? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	How are antigens found in the body?1) what part of the antigen will actually bind to recognition-proteins? (BCR, Ab, TCR)2) what is that region called…
Published	05/10/2024	Define epitope
Published	05/10/2024	What do pieces of protein antigens bind less specifically to?
Published	05/10/2024	Streptococcus pneumoniae1) gram + or -2) what does it cause? in who?3) what does the disease result from?4) when will a more serious infection occur?5…
Published	05/10/2024	Bacterial capsule:1) ___ = induces an ___ immune response2) what happens when antibodies bind to the capsule?3) what is that process called^4) what ar…
Published	05/10/2024	What do T cells release after they bind pieces of S. pneumonia protein antigens found on presenter molecules?- what is the function of what is release…
Published	05/10/2024	What B cells bind to the CHO-capsule?1) what happens after B cell binds?2) what will then be activated?3) what will then be released?4) what does that…
Published	05/10/2024	What does a B cell divide into after T cell activation?1) what will they now secrete?2) what will that^ bind to3) what will bind to that^
Published	05/10/2024	What induces immune memory?
Published	05/10/2024	Where do all of the cells of the adaptive immune system derive from?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe clonal deletion (2)- what does it ensure?
Published	05/10/2024	What happens to the T & B cells that survive primary lymphoid education?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe clonal expansion (aka clonal selection) (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What do B cells begin secreting during clonal expansion?- what is the function of what is secreted^ (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What can activated complement do? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Define isotypes
Published	05/10/2024	Antibody immunity is called ___ immunityT cell immunity is called ___ immunity
Published	05/10/2024	What do Th cells secrete during clonal expansion & what do these do? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What are Tc cells directed to do?
Published	05/10/2024	Define hypersensitivity reaction
Published	05/10/2024	Type I hypersensitivity (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Type II hypersensitivity (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Type III hypersensitivity (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Type IV hypersensitivity
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 2 major types of protein molecules that bind antigen specifically & w/ high affinity (=binding strength)?
Published	05/10/2024	How did many of the genes involved in BCR & TCR production arise?1) what are these genes apart of?2) are the genes of BCRs & TCRs the same?
Published	05/10/2024	How many heavy & light chains are there within an immunoglobulin?1) what 'flavors' do heavy & light chains come in?2) what determines the 'flavor?'
Published	05/10/2024	How are H-chains & L-chains built?- how are heavy and light chains held together?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the initial structure of a BCR?- what is unique about this structure?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the first antibody secreted from a B cell after it binds an antigen?- what can occur with further stimulation?
Published	05/10/2024	What does class- or isotype switching result in?- what L-type chain is used?
Published	05/10/2024	What different fragments can a protease cleave an antibody into? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Where is the paratope formed?
Published	05/10/2024	What functions does the Fc region carry out? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Define immunogenic
Published	05/10/2024	Define immunogen (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Will a self-Ag be immunogenic in its host?
Published	05/10/2024	Define antigen
Published	05/10/2024	Define epitope & paratope
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the affinity btw epitopes & paratopes (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What is the size of an epitope?- what will result in greater affinity?
Published	05/10/2024	What parts of the antibody actually makes contact with the antigen epitope?
Published	05/10/2024	Immunoglobulin classes are also called:
Published	05/10/2024	Each antibody class includes molecules w/ similarities in __ & great diversity within ___
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the light chains of Ig molecules in each class
Published	05/10/2024	Define valency
Published	05/10/2024	What do all of the classes exist as a when functioning as BCRs on surface of B cells?- what is their valency?
Published	05/10/2024	How many subclasses does IgG & IgA have?- why do these subclasses exist?
Published	05/10/2024	1) what Ig circulate as monomers?2) what is the secreted form of IgM?3) what is the secreted form of IgA?4) what does the J-chain molecule do?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the typical valency for each of the antibody classes?
Published	05/10/2024	Define avidity
Published	05/10/2024	With greater valency of an Ab molecule, there is a ___ potential avidity for Ag
Published	05/10/2024	Why are there structural similarities btw the 5 isotypes?
Published	05/10/2024	IgM properties (5)
Published	05/10/2024	IgD properties (2)
Published	05/10/2024	IgG properties (5)
Published	05/10/2024	IgA properties (6)
Published	05/10/2024	IgE properties (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What is the half-life of IgG?
Published	05/10/2024	Mast cells are found in the ___ & basophils are found in the ___
Published	05/10/2024	How do antibodies work? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	How many potential epitopes are there?1) how many protein-coding genes are in the human genome?2) how do we protect ourselves from the high # of epito…
Published	05/10/2024	What genes are used to produce an immunoglobulin molecule? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	When can the M gene segment be cut out?- what does this result in?
Published	05/10/2024	What genes make up the paratope?
Published	05/10/2024	How many genes make up the B cell receptor?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 4 major processes involved in producing the different paratope shapes (antigen specificity) in immunoglobulins?
Published	05/10/2024	What is rearrangement? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What process does a stem cell undergo if it decides to be a B cell?
Published	05/10/2024	What are immune cell clones? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What kind of genes do B and T cell uses during rearrangement?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the different heavy-chain variable region gene 'libraries?'- light-chain variable region gene 'libraries?'- what do these libraries result in…
Published	05/10/2024	Where & when does rearrangement occur?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the purpose of cutting & splicing errors? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Cutting & splicing errors are also known as:
Published	05/10/2024	What occurs after cutting & splicing? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	If Ig mRNA has M-gene, what occurs?- what if it doesn't?
Published	05/10/2024	Are L-chains ever inserted into the membrane?
Published	05/10/2024	What is combinatorial association?
Published	05/10/2024	What is somatic hypermutation?1) where & when does it occur?2) why does it occur?
Published	05/10/2024	How many constant genes are there?1) what does variation of Fc structure results in?2) what is variation in Fc structure called? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What Igs do B cells make first?- how do B cells make them at the same time? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	When does a B cell make more than one Ig class?- when is IgD made?
Published	05/10/2024	What genes are preceded by L DNA sequence?
Published	05/10/2024	Is the strategy of using a signal peptide sequence to thread the growing protein chain into the ER unique to immunoglobulins?
Published	05/10/2024	Where are M genes found?
Published	05/10/2024	What happens to the M gene after the B cell is stimulated by an antigen binding to its paratope of its BCR? (3)(binding happens by chance - remember p…
Published	05/10/2024	How many mRNAs are required to produce secreted & membrane-bound IgM in a B cell?- where does the Ig protein self-assemble? into what?
Published	05/10/2024	What end of mRNA transcript may retain 'fatty feet' transcript?
Published	05/10/2024	How does isotope (class) switching occur? (3)- what does this result in?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the purpose of isotope (class) switching?- what is it usually caused by?
Published	05/10/2024	How does the primary (2) vs secondary (2) antibody response compare?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the antibody levels following secondary immunization (4)- how much antigen is required to stimulate a secondary response?
Published	05/10/2024	What happens if a B cell binds antigen in bone marrow?- what if it doesn't bind anything?
Published	05/10/2024	What happens if a B cell binds antigen in secondary lymphoid tissue?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe how affinity maturation occurs (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Define affinity maturation
Published	05/10/2024	What does clonal deletion prevent?1) how does it occur?2) where does it occur for B cells vs T cells?
Published	05/10/2024	How does T-cell clonal deletion occur?
Published	05/10/2024	How many different Ab/BCRs are possible?- how many different TCRs are possible?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 3 key approaches an antibody uses to defend the body?
Published	05/10/2024	What can occur when an antibody binds to an antigen & blocks its actions? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Why do we not refer to the neutralization of bacteria?
Published	05/10/2024	What is opsonization?- what is the label when an antibody binds?
Published	05/10/2024	What will bind to the Fc region of an antibody?- what will this initiate?
Published	05/10/2024	What Fc-receptor is not isotope (class)-specific?
Published	05/10/2024	Can there be more than one Fc receptor for same isotype? example?
Published	05/10/2024	Because basophils & mast cells have thousands of Fc epsilon receptors on their surface, what does this result in? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What are examples of low affinity receptors? what cells are these found on?(2)
Published	05/10/2024	When will a low affinity Fc receptor bind an antibody?
Published	05/10/2024	What is an antigen-antibody immune complex?1) what are used together as a unit?2) results in: high ___ from several low ___ Fc-receptors to increase _…
Published	05/10/2024	What if low affinity receptors did bind free antibody?
Published	05/10/2024	Where is high-affinity Fc gamma receptor found?- what does this allow?
Published	05/10/2024	Where is high-affinity Fc alpha receptor found?- what does this allow?
Published	05/10/2024	What are Fc-receptors responsible for? (5)
Published	05/10/2024	In vivo antibody reactions cause: (4)
Published	05/10/2024	In vitro antibody reactions can result in: (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Adaptive immunity challenges (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What antigens will T cells recognize?
Published	05/10/2024	How identical must T cells be to their APC?(in order for recognition of antigen)
Published	05/10/2024	What does the major histocompatibility complex code for?
Published	05/10/2024	Why is organ transplantation so difficult?
Published	05/10/2024	What are MHC genes called in humans?1) what chromosome are they found on?2) what do these genes code for?
Published	05/10/2024	What genes code for the class I surface 'presenter' molecules?- what genes code for class II?
Published	05/10/2024	What molecules are part of the 'immunoglobulin superfamily?'1) what makes them part of this superfamily?2) what does the existence of this superfamily…
Published	05/10/2024	What is a major difference btw MHC molecules from TCRs & immunoglobulins?
Published	05/10/2024	What are both class I & class II MHC molecules composed of?- how are they different?
Published	05/10/2024	How do we know that MHCs, Igs, and TCR all arose from common ancestral gene?
Published	05/10/2024	On what cells do you usually find MHC class I molecules?- class II?
Published	05/10/2024	How are the genes of MHC loci expressed?- how many class I & class II molecules would a cell have on its surface?
Published	05/10/2024	Where are class I & class II MHC molecules assembled?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the exportation process of ___-synthesized peptides for MHC class I molecules (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Why does a MHC class II molecule not bind peptides in the RER?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the exportation process of ___-synthesized peptides for MHC class II molecules (6)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 3 major kinds of T cells?1) where do they all develop?2) how can they be distinguished?
Published	05/10/2024	What is secreted by Th1 cells?1) when will it secrete that^2) what does it not secrete?
Published	05/10/2024	What is a lymphokine?1) what lymphokines are secreted by Th1 cells?2) what is the function of each of those^
Published	05/10/2024	What is a hallmark of Th1 cell-mediated responses?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the primary role of a Th1 cell?
Published	05/10/2024	After lethally irradiated mice were reconstituted w/ the following cells, what were their survival rates after 12 days & antibody production after 8 d…
Published	05/10/2024	What does Th2 secrete? what do these do?- what does it not secrete?
Published	05/10/2024	Skin covers about __ square meters, while mucosal epithelial surfaces cover about __ square meters- what is the main T helper cell you'll find in the …
Published	05/10/2024	What does Th3 secrete? what does it do?- what does it not secrete?
Published	05/10/2024	What kind of immunity are the following involved in?1) Th12) Th23) Th34) Th175) Tc6) Treg
Published	05/10/2024	What does Th17 cells secrete? - what is the function of these cells?
Published	05/10/2024	Cytotoxic (killer) T cells (Tc) protect us against ___ pathogens - what MHC do they use?1) what is the mechanism they use to do this?2) what will that…
Published	05/10/2024	What is the function of regulatory T cells (Treg)?
Published	05/10/2024	What will Treg cells sustain tolerance to? (5)
Published	05/10/2024	How can we distinguish T cell subpopulations from each other & from B cells?
Published	05/10/2024	How can we detect the unique cell surface molecules of immune cells?
Published	05/10/2024	How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
Published	05/10/2024	What cells are the following found on the surface of:1) CD32) CD43) CD84) TCR
Published	05/10/2024	What lymphokines do Tc & Treg cells produce?
Published	05/10/2024	Do T cells interact w/ free antigen?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe co-stimulation of T cells- what does this help reduce?
Published	05/10/2024	What are majority of T cell receptors made up of?
Published	05/10/2024	What are minority of T cell receptor made up of?1) where are these found?2) what are they important in?
Published	05/10/2024	What regions make up the TCR?
Published	05/10/2024	What TCR chains have transmembrane domains?
Published	05/10/2024	How many chains does CD3 have?- what is the function of CD3?
Published	05/10/2024	Where does the T cell get 2 'hits' from?- what will happen to the cell after receiving 2 'hits?'
Published	05/10/2024	What T cells are programmed to recognize antigen associated w/ MHC class II?- class I?
Published	05/10/2024	CD4 is on __ cells & the TCR binds weakly to MHC class __- if its a weak bond, how does it bind?
Published	05/10/2024	CD8 is on __ cells & the TCR binds weakly to MHC class __- if it is a weak bond, how does it bind?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the two branches the immune system is separated into?- what is the goal of these branches?
Published	05/10/2024	Humoral immunity:1) protective function?2) focus?3) what does it produce?
Published	05/10/2024	Cellular immunity:1) protective function?2) focus?3) what does it produce?
Published	05/10/2024	What T cells are central for all of adaptive immunity? why?
Published	05/10/2024	What occurs after T cells are activated by MHC+antigen? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What occur after B cells are activated by antigens via surface receptors? (5)
Published	05/10/2024	Can immunity from B or T cells be transferred via blood serum? why?
Published	05/10/2024	What is required for a Th cell to help a B cell? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	How does a Th cell help a B cell get activated & make antibody for protein antigens? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What is a Th0?- what cells are thought to be able to stimulate these Th0 cells?
Published	05/10/2024	Why is it thought that macrophages & dendritic cells are better APCs than B cells?
Published	05/10/2024	T-dependent responses make antibodies to ___ antigens, while T-independent responses make antibodies to ___ antigens
Published	05/10/2024	What do T-independent antigens usually consist of?
Published	05/10/2024	T-independent antigens:1) what Ig is usually produced? what does this imply?2) is immunologic memory produced?3) does affinity maturation occur?4) wea…
Published	05/10/2024	How do T cells help T cells?
Published	05/10/2024	What are lectins? (3)
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