Notes in Anatomy

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Published	12/29/2024	The anatomical positions is defined by the body being in the {{c1::standing position}}, with {{c2::head, palms}} and {{c2::feet}} facing {{c3::forward…
Published	12/29/2024	A point or plane that is {{c1::closer}} than another to the head end of the body is said to be {{c2::superior}} toit. The point or plane {{c3::further…
Published	12/29/2024	The front surface of the body, or of any structure in the body, is called its {{c1::anterior/ventral}}surface. The back of any structure is denoted by…
Published	12/29/2024	A structure lying closer than another to the mid-line of the body is said to be {{c1::medial}} to it and if further from this plane, {{c2::lateral}} t…
Published	12/29/2024	Other terms used to relate to the position of structures relative to each other include {{c2::superficial}} and {{c1::deep.}}
Published	12/29/2024	With regard to the limbs those parts that are nearer to the attachment of the limb to the body are described as being {{c1::proximal}} and those parts…
Published	12/29/2024	In the foot, the surfaces are referred to as either the {{c1::dorsum}} (upper surface) or {{c2::plantar}} (sole); inthe hand these are {{c3::dorsal}} …
Published	12/29/2024	When the body is lying on its posterior/dorsal surface it is said to be in the {{c1::supine}} position and when it is lying on its anterior/ventral su…
Published	12/29/2024	In the embryo, terms {{c1::cranial}} (pertaining to the head) and {{c2::caudal}} (pertaining to the tail) are used, and this is sometimes extended to …
Published	12/29/2024	The {{c1::median}} or {{c2::mid-sagittal}} plane bisects the body into two equal halves. Any plane that lies parallel to this is known as a {{c3::para…
Published	12/29/2024	A {{c1::coronal}} plane is at a right angle to the {{c2::sagittal plane}}, and bisects the body into anterior and posterior parts. Remember {{c3::ante…
Published	12/29/2024	A {{c1::transverse}} plane is horizontal and bisects the body into superior and inferior parts, with the former above and the latter below.
Published	12/29/2024	•Epithelia are {{c1::continuous sheets}} of cells that cover most body surfaces, organs, cavities and tubes –Communication with the outside …
Published	12/29/2024	Glandular epithelium•They also include {{c1::downgrowth}} of epithelium into underlying deeper tissues and their p{{c3::roliferation}} …
Published	12/29/2024	The functions of epithelial tissue include: •{{c1::Protection}} of underlying tissues •{{c2::Transport}} of materials –Diffusion (selective)…
Published	12/29/2024	Surface epithelium - CharacteristicsContinuous sheets of cells that cover body surfaces and organs and line hollow structures {{c1::Basement membran…
Published	12/29/2024	The Basement membrane (BM) is a thin {{c1::protein layer}} which lies deep to the epithelium. It has 3 distinct parts when viewed with an el…
Published	12/29/2024	{{c1::Contiguous}} (next to) and {{c2::adhesive}} (sticky). Junctions located: •{{c3::Basal}} (at the base) – ‘sticks’ to the Bas…
Published	12/29/2024	Apical specialisations{{c1::Microvilli}} - increase the surface area for {{c2::absorption}} e.g. intestinal epithelium{{c3::Cilia}}&nbs…
Published	12/29/2024	Surface epithelium - ClassificationClassified according to the combination of two structural features: I.{{c1::Thickness}} of the epithelial lay…
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