Notes in MP.S1.L03.Infections of the Respiratory Tract (Lec) (no edit)

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Published	10/21/2024	The {{c1::respiratory}} system is the most accessible system in the body.
Published	10/21/2024	Anatomical features of the respiratory tract that protects it from infections: {{c1::Nasal hair}} : serves to trap particles{{c1::Cilia (trachea, bron…
Published	10/21/2024	Anatomical Features of the Respiratory Tract{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	Defenses of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Published	10/21/2024	Normal Flora of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Published	10/21/2024	Defenses of the Lower Respiratory Tract
Published	10/21/2024	Normal Flora of the Lower Respiratory Tract
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogens of the Respiratory System: Nose and Sinuses
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogens of the Respiratory System: Ear
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogens of the Respiratory System: Larynx and Trachea
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogens of the Respiratory System: Bronchi and Bronchioles
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogens of the Respiratory System: Throat and Tonsil
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogens of the Respiratory System: Alveoli
Published	10/21/2024	Infections of the middle ear may be caused by: {{c1::Several respiratory viruses, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Steptococcus pyoge…
Published	10/21/2024	Virus oftenly cause {{c1::middle::Outer or Middle or Inner}} ear infections. Such infections are often self-limiting
Published	10/21/2024	Infection of the Middle Ear: {{c1::Acute Otitis Media}}Infection of the cavity of the middle earSometimes accompanied by mild feverMany cases of this …
Published	10/21/2024	Candida auris
Published	10/21/2024	Chlamydia pneumonia
Published	10/21/2024	A {{c1::Myringotomy}} is a procedure where a hole is created in the ear drum to allow the fluid that is trapped in the middle ear to drain out and eve…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute Suppurative Otitis Media (ASOM)
Published	10/21/2024	Sinusitis: Clinical features, Treatment, Possible complications
Published	10/21/2024	Sinusitis: Clinical features
Published	10/21/2024	Sinusitis: Treatment
Published	10/21/2024	Sinusitis: Possible complications
Published	10/21/2024	Viral Infections of the throat and mouth
Published	10/21/2024	Coryza (the common cold)Route of transmission: {{c1::droplet}}Presentation: {{c1::Mild fever, swelling of the mucosae of the nose, throat, and conjuct…
Published	10/21/2024	RhinovirusesPicornaviridaeIncubation period: {{c1::2-4 days}} llness lasts for {{c1::7 days}} and may persist up to {{c1::3 weeks}}Capsid proteins: {{…
Published	10/21/2024	CoronavirusCaused by: {{c1::Coronaviridae}}The main mechanism of pathogenesis is probably a direct cytotoxic effect on respiratory epithelial cell…
Published	10/21/2024	The coronavirus tends to be highly species specific. Most of the known coronaviruses display a tropism for a {{c1::epithelial}} cells of the respirato…
Published	10/21/2024	Types of Enteroviruses1. {{c1::Polioviruses}}: Can cause poliomyelitis, an acute infectious disease that in its serious form affects the central nervo…
Published	10/21/2024	Clinical syndromes Associated with Adenovirus Serotypes (Clinical Syndrome: Serotype)Acute febrile pharyngitis: {{c1::(serotypes 1-7)}}Pharyngoconjunc…
Published	10/21/2024	Adenovirus: Diagnosis and Management
Published	10/21/2024	The virion of the enterovirus contains four proteins, VP1 to VP4, and the genome is a single strand of positive-sense RNA. {{c1::VP1-VP}} is responsib…
Published	10/21/2024	Infectious Mononucleosis aka {{c1::Kissing Disease}}Causative Agent: {{c1::Epstein-Barr Virus}}Presentation: {{c1::sore throat}}(75%)}}, {{c1::hepati…
Published	10/21/2024	Bronchiolitis Management involves {{c1::oxygenation, adequate hydration and nebulizers such as Salbutamol and Ribavirin}}Complications involves {{c2::…
Published	10/21/2024	Influenza Types
Published	10/21/2024	InfluenzaBelongs to the genus {{c1::Orthomyxovirus}} in the family {{c1::Orthomyxoviridae}}
Published	10/21/2024	What are the two main various types that cause the disease?Influenza A and BInfluenza B and CInfluenza A and CAll of the above
Published	10/21/2024	What type of influenza is responsible for most cases and causes more severe infection?Influenza AInfluenza BInfluenza CAvian Influenza H5N1
Published	10/21/2024	InfluenzaInfluenza viruses are easily transmitted by {{c1::droplet spread}}Attack rates during epidemic seldom exceed 10% in general community Attack …
Published	10/21/2024	Antigenic DriftYearly peak of influenza activity as new subtypes of {{c1::hemagglutinin}} slowly evolveInfection with circulating strains provides ant…
Published	10/21/2024	True or False: Influenza A drifts more than Influenza B
Published	10/21/2024	Describes a genetic variation in a virus that causes its antibody of tags to change creating a new strain or form of the virus.
Published	10/21/2024	Describes a similar phenomenon whether 2 or more strains of viruses combine to form a new virus. This happens to shifts in protein of the virus which …
Published	10/21/2024	True or False: Age specific attacks rates during an epidemic reflect existing immunity from exposure to previously prevalence strains.
Published	10/21/2024	True or False: Attack rates are often highest among school age children.
Published	10/21/2024	True or False: Complication rates and mortality are greatest in the elderly and those with underlying chronic conditions.
Published	10/21/2024	True or False: Numerous and severe infections occur during pandemics as few members of the population possess immunity to the novel virus strain.
Published	10/21/2024	What is the major target of influenza infection?Digestive TractRespiratory TractImmune SystemAll of the above
Published	10/21/2024	Uncomplicated influenza usually persists for {{c1::4-7 days}} before the fever decreases and gradual convalescence begins.3-4 days4-7 days3-4 weeks4-…
Published	10/21/2024	What type of influenza infection is uncommonly unrecognized and often mild with conjunctivitis?
Published	10/21/2024	True or False: Some cases of myocarditis are often seen in influenza infections.
Published	10/21/2024	True or False: When there is a pandemic of influenza we can say that influenza is the main reason but when it happens randomly it cannot be easily dif…
Published	10/21/2024	Influenza Diagnosis
Published	10/21/2024	Complications in Influenza involves {{c1::Secondary bacterial infection and post-viral complications}}Primary bacterial infection and pre-viral compli…
Published	10/21/2024	Influenza infections are prevented and controlled via {{c1::}}vaccination}}
Published	10/21/2024	Other Viruses
Published	10/21/2024	Human metapneumovirus
Published	10/21/2024	What are the different types of Adenovirus?
Published	10/21/2024	This type of virus has the following presentations: Pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, tender lymphadenopathy or, occasionally, a morbilliform rash.Adenovir…
Published	10/21/2024	Pyogenic Bacterial Respiratory InfectionsCommon{{c1::Streptococcus pneumoniae}}{{c1::Haemophilus influenzae}}{{c1::Chlamydia pneumoniae}}{{c1::Mycopla…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)}}Due to impaired {{c2::ciliary clearance}} of secretionsThe infections are superficial, affecting t…
Published	10/21/2024	What respiratory condition in which the bronchial walls are damaged by severe or repeated infections, sometimes resulting from congenital immunoglobul…
Published	10/21/2024	What respiratory condition has the following presentations: productive cough, and produce copious purulent sputum, especially on rising in the morning…
Published	10/21/2024	What is a congenital condition in which abnormal, tenacious mucus accumulates in the bronchial tree?
Published	10/21/2024	How does Cystic Fibrosis manage?Vigorous physiotherapy and postural drainageAntibiotic treatmentRemoval of damaged lungAll of the above
Published	10/21/2024	Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP){{c1::Streptococcus pneumoniae}} (35% to 40% of all identified pathogens){{c1::Haemophilus influenzae}} (10% of iden…
Published	10/21/2024	Rare bacterial lung infections{{c1::Streptococcus pyogenes}}{{c1::Enteric fevers}}{{c1::Anthrax}}{{c1::Plague}}{{c1::Leptospirosis}}{{c1::Respiratory …
Published	10/21/2024	What is a common acute infection characterized by fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, or sputum expectorati…
Published	10/21/2024	What is/are the complications of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?Sterile pleural effusionExtension of infectionBacteremiaAll of the above
Published	10/21/2024	True or False: Treatment of bacterial pneumonia depends on severity of infection and the type of organism causing the infection.
Published	10/21/2024	What is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia?
Published	10/21/2024	Bacterial Pneumonia is treated with what drugs?
Published	10/21/2024	Streptococcus pneumonia predispositions include?{{c1::Sickle-cell disease}}{{c1::Anatomical or Functional Asplenia}}{{c1::Chronic cardiac }}{{c1::Resp…
Published	10/21/2024	Streptococcus pneumoniae Diagnostic Laboratory Tests include?{{c1::Stained smears}}{{c1::Capsule Swelling Tests}}{{c1::Blood Culture}}{{c1::NAAT}}{{c1…
Published	10/21/2024	What are the treatments for Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Published	10/21/2024	What are the virulence factors for Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogenicity factors for Streptococcus pneumoniae includes?
Published	10/21/2024	What bacteria can also cause lobar pneumonia, is a gram-negative rod, and involves Cephalosporins for treatment?
Published	10/21/2024	What are the drugs used to treat Haemophilus influenzae?
Published	10/21/2024	Where can Haemophilus influenzae be found in humans? Mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tractMucous membranes of the lower respiratory tractBot…
Published	10/21/2024	It is an important cause of meningitis in unvaccinated children and causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children and in adults.
Published	10/21/2024	True or False: Encapsulated H. influenzae contains capsular polysaccharides (molecular weight > 150,000) of one of seven types.
Published	10/21/2024	There are {{c1::6}} capsular serotypes of Haemophilus influenzae.4567
Published	10/21/2024	What is the most well-known type among the 6 capsular serotypes of Haemophilus influenzae?
Published	10/21/2024	It easily colonized unimmunized infants below the age of 5.
Published	10/21/2024	What causes meningitis, pneumonia and empyema, epiglottitis, cellulitis, septic arthritis, facial cellulitis, and occasionally other forms of invasive…
Published	10/21/2024	True or False: The Hib isolates are increasingly resistant to amoxicillin and erythromycin.
Published	10/21/2024	What are the two treatment choices for Type B Haemophilus influenzae? Amoxicillin and ErythromycinBenadryl and FentanylCefuroxime or CefotaximeDesvenl…
Published	10/21/2024	Infection is transmitted by inhalation of contaminated aerosols generated from hot-water tap and shower outlets, water-cooling towers of office and in…
Published	10/21/2024	How long is the incubation period for Legionnaires' disease?1-5 days2-10 days3-15 days4-20 days
Published	10/21/2024	How long is the incubation period for Pontiac fever which is a milder non-pneumonic form of legionellosis?1-2 days1-3 days1-4 days1-5 days
Published	10/21/2024	What is the milder form of legionellosis?Typhoid FeverPyrexia of Unknown OriginPontiac FeverDengue Fever
Published	10/21/2024	True or False: Legionellae are gram-positive anaerobic non-sporing, fastidious bacteria that need L-cysteine for growth.
Published	10/21/2024	Legionella {{c1::Lipopolysaccharide}} has some toxic properties and also protects the organism against the effect of complement.NucleusPolysaccharideL…
Published	10/21/2024	A person with pneumonia, severe confusion, and metabolic disturbance in a previously healthy patient may suggest what kind of infection?Haemophilus in…
Published	10/21/2024	Most common cause of this diseases entity
Published	10/21/2024	Before vaccination, many cases of acute epiglottitis were caused by this pathogen
Published	10/21/2024	Upon examining the throat with tongue depressed, the red, swollen epiglottis can be seen protruding outwards like a {{c1::cherry}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Differential diagnosis of acute epiglottitis
Published	10/21/2024	Infectious mononucleosis is diagnosed/excluded by {{c1::white blood cell count}} and {{c2::heterophile antibody test}}
Published	10/21/2024	Diptheria is diagnosed/excluded by {{c1::presence of membrane}}
Published	10/21/2024	Ludwig;s angina is diagnosed/excluded by {{c1::proper examination of mouth and fauces}}
Published	10/21/2024	If {{c1::S. pyogenes}} is confirmed give {{c2::penicillin}} over the course of {{c3::10}} days for most cases
Published	10/21/2024	What should be given to patients with AE that may reduce edema and avoid the need for tracheostomy?
Published	10/21/2024	Laboratory tests to diagnose diphtheria
Published	10/21/2024	How is diphtheria prevented?
Published	10/21/2024	Management of diphtheria
Published	10/21/2024	Virulence factor of Diphteria that can cause cardiac damage, neurologic problem, nephritis, and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Published	10/21/2024	Modified Elek immunoprecipitation is used to diagnose the presence of what bacteria?
Published	10/21/2024	Incubation period of Diptheria
Published	10/21/2024	LRT article or pathogen size:● {{c1::>5μm}} diameter → Usually lodge in the nose and pharynx● {{c1::1μm}} diameter → May reach the bronchi and can …
Published	10/21/2024	Specimens containing many neutrophils and few epithelial cells are largely of {{c1::bronchial origin}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Laboratory diagnosis where in the bronchoscope is passed into a lower airway and 100-200mL of sterile saline is injected and re-aspirated.
Published	10/21/2024	Obtaining specimens from the lower respiratory tract
Published	10/21/2024	If viral pathogen is suspected for lower respiratory tract, you can have {{c1::direct immunofluorescence}} and rapid lab tests for some viral antigens…
Published	10/21/2024	Viral Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract
Published	10/21/2024	The origins of Ludwig’s angina are probably the {{c1::mouth}} and {{c1::teeth}}. Most infections are polymicrobial. Symptoms include: {{c1::pain}}, {…
Published	10/21/2024	On examination, Ludwig’s angina may present with a {{c1::bull neck}} appearance with tenderness of the neck and {{c1::throat}}
Published	10/21/2024	Antibiotics for Ludwig’s angina should include an active ingredient against {{c1::S. aureus}}
Published	10/21/2024	What are the bacteria commonly associated with Ludwig’s angina?
Published	10/21/2024	A retropharyngeal abscess is characterized by a wide {{c1::soft}} tissue space between the {{c1::vertebrae}} and the air filled {{c1::pharynx}} on a l…
Published	10/21/2024	Topic: Retropharyngeal abscessA retropharyngeal abscess is a {{c1::suppurative}} infection in the tissue spaces behind the {{c1::pharynx}}. Normally, …
Published	10/21/2024	Topic: Retropharyngeal abscessDiagnosis can be revealed by showing a wide tissue space in the vertebrae and the air-filled pharynx on a lateral X-ray …
Published	10/21/2024	Vincent’s angina is a synergistic infection of the mouth that particularly affects the {{c1::gums}}. It is associated with {{c1::poor dental health}} …
Published	10/21/2024	To confirm the diagnosis of Vincent’s angina, the organism can be demonstrated in large numbers by making a {{c1::gram}} stain of the material on a mo…
Published	10/21/2024	The treatment for Vincent’s angina is {{c1::metronidazole}}, which will quickly eradicate the organism.
Published	10/21/2024	Vincent’s angina is caused by the spirochaete {{c1::Borrelia vincenti}} and the anaerobe Fusiformis spp.
Published	10/21/2024	The recommended antibiotics for treating Vincent’s angina include {{c1::metronidazole}}, {{c1::penicillin}}, and {{c1::ampicillin}}
Published	10/21/2024	BronchiolitisAffects infants up to the age of {{c1::two (2) years}}The incubation period is {{c1::5-8}} days and the patient remains infectious for ab…
Published	10/21/2024	This mechanical problem of the lower respiratory tract is usually found in smokers and even secondhand smokers
Published	10/21/2024	True or false: Larger airways can be cleared by coughing but cannot maintain patency of smaller airways even when supplemented by vigorous physiothera…
Published	10/21/2024	If a patient is in coma or a state of paralysis, which lower respiratory tract mechanical problem will he/she most likely encounter?A. Mucus too thick…
Published	10/21/2024	This mechanical problem of the lower respiratory tract tend to introduce microorganisms and inhibit effective coughing
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the ff. is a non-infectious condition mimicking LRTI:A. Wegener’s granulomatosisB. Farmer’s LungC. SarcoidosisD. SLEE. All of the above
Published	10/21/2024	This mechanical problem of the lower respiratory tract is exhibited in patients with cystic fibrosis:A. Excessive volumes of mucus that cannot be effe…
Published	10/21/2024	Non-infectious conditions mimicking LRTI usually present with these 3 symptoms
Published	10/21/2024	Wegener’s granulomatosis can cause {{c1::nodular opacities}} in CXR, mimicking infection
Published	10/21/2024	CroupParainfluenza viruses types {{c1::1 to 4}}Belong to the genus {{c2::Paramyxovirus}} within the family {{c2::Paramyxoviridae}}Route of administrat…
Published	10/21/2024	Croup is mostly associated with which organism? {{c1::Parainfluenza}}
Published	10/21/2024	CroupThe infection may involve only the {{c1::nose}} and {{c1::throat}} resulting in a {{c2::common cold syndrome}}
Published	10/21/2024	CroupUsually affects {{c1::children::Children or Adults}}, but occasionally also affects {{c1::adults::Children or Adults}}
Published	10/21/2024	CroupThe physical signs are distressing and {{c1::respiratory obstruction}} can occur in severe cases
Published	10/21/2024	CroupParainfluenza type that is the major cause of laryngotracheitis or acute croup in infants and young children {{c1::Type 1}}
Published	10/21/2024	CroupParainfluenza type that is the major cause of severe lower respiratory infectionUsually in pediatric age group {{c1::Type 3}}
Published	10/21/2024	Other microorganisms that may cause Croup:{{c1::Influenza virus}}{{c1::Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)}}{{c1::Measles virus}}{{c1::Haemophilus influ…
Published	10/21/2024	Closely observe for {{c1::cyanosis}}:If there is {{c1::cyanosis}}, it is a late and grave signThe disease process has worsen
Published	10/21/2024	CroupHow many parainfluenza virus types are pathogenic to humans?{{c1:: Four (Types 1-4}}
Published	10/21/2024	CroupParainfluenza virus replication in immunocompetent hosts appears to be limited to the {{c1::respiratory}} epithelia
Published	10/21/2024	CroupThe {{c1::hemagglutinin-neuraminidase complex}} antigen activates the fusion F protein by a serine protease that may be unique to the host cells …
Published	10/21/2024	CroupThe duration of parainfluenza virus shedding is about a {{c1::week}} after onset of illness
Published	10/21/2024	CroupParainfluenza Type 3 may be excreted up to {{c1::four}} weeks after onset of primary illness
Published	10/21/2024	CroupComplications with parainfluenza especially seen in children {{c1::Otitis media}}
Published	10/21/2024	CroupParainfluenza Viruses{{c1:Pleomorphic::Monomorphic or Pleomorphic}}Shape: {{c2:roughly spherical shape}}{{c3::120-300}} nanometers in diameterPos…
Published	10/21/2024	CroupParainfluenza VirusThe virus invades epithelial cells throughout the {{c1::tracheobronchial tree}} via the binding of {{c2::hemagglutinin and neu…
Published	10/21/2024	CroupDiagnosis: {{c1::clinical}}, on the basis of the {{c1::cough}} quality{{c2::Direct immunofluorescence staining or ELISA staining}}{{c2::Multiplex…
Published	10/21/2024	CroupTreatment of airway swelling in croup:{{c1::Dexamethasone}}, orally {{c1::150-600 μg/kg}}, or intravenously {{c1::300-600μg/kg}}{{c2::Budesonide}…
Published	10/21/2024	CroupIn patients with neutrophilia, other causes of croup or pharyngeal obstruction should be considered:{{c1::Epiglottitis}}{{c1::Diphtheria}}
Published	10/21/2024	CroupA parainfluenza/influenza virus may be demonstrable by {{c1::direct immunofluorescence staining or ELISA testing}} of nasopharyngeal aspirate
Published	10/21/2024	The most common atypical pneumonia is {{c1::Mycoplasma pneumoniae}}
Published	10/21/2024	Examples of atypical pneumonia are:
Published	10/21/2024	Organisms causing atypical pneumonia typically have a gradual onset, prolonged fever, perfused sweating, and slow recovery with no point of crisis. Th…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Mycoplasma pneumoniae}} and {{c1::Chlamydophila pneumoniae}} are human pathogens whose reservoir of infection resides in infected members of the…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::C. psittaci}}, the agent of ornithosis, is widespread among birds, which excrete many organisms in their feces.
Published	10/21/2024	The incubation period of C. psittaci is {{c1::4-15 days}}
Published	10/21/2024	C. psittaci infection in humans is acquired by inhaling the organism from secretions of infected birds like:
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Coxiella burnetii}} is a pathogen mainly of sheep. Transmission to humans occurs by airborne spread of organisms in dust contaminated by infecte…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Coxiella burnetii}} can cause chronic infections can occur often associated with endocarditis
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Coxiella burnetii}} infection is severe in pregnant women (particularly affecting placenta, often precipitating abortion)
Published	10/21/2024	Mainly affects meat workers, farmers, and veterinarians
Published	10/21/2024	The usual treatment for atypical pneumonia is {{c1::Tetracycline}}
Published	10/21/2024	A useful alternative in children with atypical pneumonia but less effective in Q fever
Published	10/21/2024	In mild or moderate cases, macrolides may be given{{c1::orally}}, but in severe or complicated cases, they should be given {{c2::parenterally}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Ciprofloxacin is highly active in lab testing but is not reliably effective in {{c1::chlamydial}} and {{c2::mycoplasmal}} pneumonia. There may also be…
Published	10/21/2024	Newer fluoroquinolones, such as {{c1::levofloxacin}} and {{c2::moxifloxacin}}, are more effective for treating atypical pneumonia.
Published	10/21/2024	Chlamydia trachomatis primarily affects the {{c1::eye}} and {{c1::genital}} tract.
Published	10/21/2024	Chlamydia psittaci causes {{c1::respiratory}} infections.
Published	10/21/2024	Chlamydia is an {{c1::obligate intracellular}} bacteria that exists in two forms: {{c2::elementary}}}body and {{c3::reticulate} body.
Published	10/21/2024	Chlamydia expresses a genus-specific {{c1::lipopolysaccharide (LPS)}} similar to the rough LPS of certain {{c2::salmonella}}.
Published	10/21/2024	The incubation period of Chlamydophila pneumoniae is {{c1::4-14 days}} and it often causes {{c2::acute self-limiting respiratory infections}} that are…
Published	10/21/2024	List the methods used for laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydophila pneumoniae.
Published	10/21/2024	After the incubation period, there is a gradual onset of irregular swinging fever, {{c1::malaise}}, fatigue, and {{c1::sweating}} at night. There is a…
Published	10/21/2024	Chest x-ray in Chlamydia pneumoniae infection may show anything from faint, ill-defined {{c1::segmental opacity}} to a large, dense consolidation.
Published	10/21/2024	In Chlamydia pneumoniae infections, some patients may have a small or moderate {{c1::pleural effusion}} with pleuritic pain on the affected side.
Published	10/21/2024	A modest {{c1::neutrophilia}} is rare in Chlamydia pneumoniae infections, but mild elevation of {{c2::liver transaminases}} is common.
Published	10/21/2024	Chlamydia pneumoniae infections are still detected by finding rising titers of {{c1::complement-fixing antibodies}}.
Published	10/21/2024	All of the diagnostic techniques for Chlamydia pneumoniae lack {{c1::sensitivity}} and are {{c1::slow}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Rapid diagnosis of Chlamydia infections is possible using {{c1::DNA amplification}} techniques, and commercial assays are also available.
Published	10/21/2024	The standard of care for diagnosing genital infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis is {{c1::DNA amplification}} techniques, which can be used in s…
Published	10/21/2024	Culture of Chlamydia is not useful for diagnosing pneumonia but is used to confirm the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis in cases of {{c1::sexual abus…
Published	10/21/2024	Mycoplasma pneumoniae usually causes pneumonia, but this may be accompanied by {{c1::tracheitis}}, {{c1::bullous myringitis}}, mild {{c1::hepatitis}},…
Published	10/21/2024	In some cases, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection may also lead to {{c1::pericarditis}} and {{c1::myocarditis}}, but at least {{c2::25%}} of infections a…
Published	10/21/2024	Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes a mild form of pneumonia, accounting for about {{c1::10%}} of all pneumonia cases.
Published	10/21/2024	The condition caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae is often referred to as {{c1::walking pneumonia}} because there is no need for hospitalization.
Published	10/21/2024	The most common age group for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections is {{c1::1-15 years}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes approximately {{c1::30%}} of all teenage pneumonia cases.
Published	10/21/2024	Mycoplasma pneumoniae lacks a {{c1::cell wall}} and infection is acquired by {{c1::droplet transmission}}. The infectious dose required to cause infec…
Published	10/21/2024	Mycoplasma pneumoniae initially attaches to the {{c1::cilia}} and {{c1::microvilli}} of the cells lining the bronchial epithelium. This attachment int…
Published	10/21/2024	The inflammatory response to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is initially composed of {{c1::lymphocytes}}, {{c1::plasma cells}}, and {{c1::macrophages…
Published	10/21/2024	Organisms causing Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection can be shed in upper respiratory secretions for {{c1::2-8 days}} before symptoms appear and up to {{…
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