Notes in Exam II

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Published	03/06/2025	Briefly describe the mechanism of pneumoconiosis
Published	03/06/2025	How does tetracycline act as a pigment during bone development?
Published	03/06/2025	What is the primary function of melanin, other than coloration?
Published	03/06/2025	Describe a common mechanism for hypo- and hyper-pigmentation (melanin)
Published	03/06/2025	What pigment builds up in muscle and nervous tissue as one ages?
Published	03/06/2025	What is ceroid? What is it commonly associated with?
Published	03/06/2025	Describe a common mechanism for hemoglobinuria
Published	03/10/2025	Define or label the following {{c1::Pneumoconiosis}}: {{c2::Lung disease from inhalation of dust}} {{c1::Anthracosis}}: {{c2::Lung disease f…
Published	03/10/2025	In relation to hemoglobin, describe the mechanism of cyanide poisoning, and the observed color of blood.
Published	03/10/2025	In relation to hemoglobin, describe the mechanism of carbon monoxide poisoning, and the observed color of blood.
Published	03/10/2025	In relation to hemoglobin, describe the mechanism of nitrate poisoning, and the observed color of blood.
Published	03/06/2025	Describe the colors of the following pigments Hematin: {{c1::Brown/black (Fe3+)}} Hematoidin: {{c1::Bright yellow (Similar to bilirubin)}}
Published	03/06/2025	Briefly describe the conversion and excretion of heme to conjugated bilirubin
Published	03/06/2025	What is icterus?
Published	03/06/2025	What form of bilirubin is present in prehepatic, hepatic, and post-hepatic icterus?
Published	03/06/2025	What is porphyria, and what group of disorder can cause it?
Published	03/06/2025	Why is formation of hemosiderin important? When would it commonly be observed?
Published	03/06/2025	Define edema and provide the names for fluid collections in the chest cavity, heart, and abdominal cavity
Published	03/06/2025	{{c1::Anasarca}} is the term for severe generalized edema
Published	03/06/2025	The four common causes for edema are...
Published	03/06/2025	{{c1::Hyperemia}} is {{c2::active arteriolar dilation that increases bloodflow}} and affected tissues are {{c3::red (erythema) and warm}}. I…
Published	03/06/2025	{{c1::Right side chronic passive congestion}} results in {{c2::ascites}} and {{c3::increased portal venous pressure}}-> {{c3::hepatic chr…
Published	03/06/2025	{{c1::Left side chronic passive congestion}} results in {{c2::pulmonary edema}} from {{c3::increased pulmonary venous pressure}}
Published	03/06/2025	What are the 3 core mechanisms of hemorrhage?
Published	03/06/2025	Define the morphologic patterns of hemorrhage{{c1::hematoma}}: {{c2::large extravascular accumulation of blood in a confined space}}{{c1::suffisi…
Published	03/06/2025	Where are petechiae and purpura seen? What mechanisms can cause these hemorrhages?
Published	03/06/2025	Give the names for accumulations of blood in cavities{{c1::thoracic cavity}} : {{c2::hemothorax}}{{c1::pericardial sac}} : {{c2::hemopericar…
Published	03/06/2025	What determines the clinical significance of hemorrhage?
Published	03/24/2025	{{c1::Hemostasis}} is the {{c1::arrest of bleeding}} and is mediated by {{c2::endothelium}}, {{c2::platelets}}, {{c2::coagula…
Published	03/06/2025	For the clotting cascade, the {{c1::tissue factor (extrinsic)}} pathway is the {{c2::activation}} pathway, the {{c1::contact activation…
Published	03/06/2025	Describe the steps of the extrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade
Published	03/06/2025	Describe the steps of the common pathway of the clotting cascade
Published	03/06/2025	Describe the steps of the intrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade
Published	03/06/2025	{{c1::Thrombin}} activates {{c2::XIIIa}}, {{c2::thrombomodulin}}, {{c2::XI}}, {{c2::Va}}, and {{c2::VIII}}
Published	03/06/2025	Regulation of the clotting cascade:{{c1::active protein C}} inhibits the conversion of {{c2::VIII to VIIIa}} and {{c2::V to Va}}{{c1::antith…
Published	03/06/2025	How do endothelial cells, platelets, and clotting factors contribute to hemostasis?
Published	03/06/2025	What is the difference between primary and secondary hemostasis?
Published	03/06/2025	What is the mechanism for primary hemostasis?
Published	03/06/2025	What is the mechanism for secondary hemeostasis?
Published	03/06/2025	What is required for initation of secondary hemostatsis?
Published	03/06/2025	What is the role of Von Willebrand factor?
Published	03/06/2025	{{c1::Thrombin}} acts as the key enzyme that {{c2::converts fibrinogen into fibrin}}, leading to a {{c1::stable fibrin clot}} at the site of a vascula…
Published	03/06/2025	What surfaces is fibrin formation limited to?
Published	03/24/2025	List/describe how the following are involved in limiting thrombi: {{c1::AT-3 (Anti-thrombin 3)}}: {{c2::a serine protease inhibitor that Inactiva…
Published	03/06/2025	How does plasmin aid in the removal of thrombi?
Published	03/06/2025	{{c1::Thrombolysis}} is the balance between {{c2::bleeding and interference with healing}}. The most important component of this is {{c1::Fibrinolysis…
Published	03/06/2025	What are the constituents of a thrombus?
Published	03/06/2025	What are the major endothelial cell mediators that act as procoagulants or contribute to vascular repair, and ultimately lead to thrombosis?
Published	03/06/2025	What does platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) promote during vascular repair?
Published	03/06/2025	What does tissue factor (TF) do when it is activated?
Published	03/06/2025	List/describe the following hemostasis tests: {{c1::Platelet count}}: {{c2::measures numbers of platelets in the blood}}{{c1::Bleeding time}}: {{…
Published	03/06/2025	What hemostasis test does not measure clotting factors?
Published	03/06/2025	What hemostasis test is used to assess extrinsic and common pathways?
Published	03/06/2025	What hemostasis test is used to assess intrinsic and common pathways?
Published	03/06/2025	What are the components of Virchow's triad?
Published	03/06/2025	What are the causative agents of endothelial injury discussed in class?
Published	03/06/2025	What are the 4 mechanisms resulting in alterations in blood flow?
Published	03/06/2025	What are the 4 mechanisms that result in hypercoagulability?
Published	03/06/2025	Arterial/cardiac thrombi initiate at sites of {{c1::turbulence}} or {{c1::endothelial injury}}Venous thrombi initiate at sites of {{c1:…
Published	03/06/2025	Arterial and venous thrombi both propogate {{c1::towards}} the heart, but arterial thrombi grow {{c1::retrograde}} to blood flow and venous …
Published	03/06/2025	Compare and contrast arterial thrombi, venous thrombi, and post mortem clots including composition, color, texture, attachment
Published	03/06/2025	What happens to thrombi over time?
Published	03/06/2025	What are the clinical consequences of venous thrombi?
Published	03/06/2025	What are the clinical consequences of aterial thrombi?
Published	03/06/2025	What is the mechanism for DIC discussed in class?
Published	03/06/2025	Why is there paradoxical bleeding with DIC?
Published	03/06/2025	The definition of Ischemia is {{c1::the failure of blood flow to meet metabolic needs}}. This can occur locally via {{c2::thromboemolism}} a…
Published	03/06/2025	What factors determine ischemic and infarctive severity?
Published	03/06/2025	Which tissues are most vulnerable to infarction and ischemia?
Published	03/06/2025	While short periods of ischemia are relatively non-problematic, restoration of bloodflow after long periods of time can be deleterious. What is the pr…
Published	03/06/2025	Briefly define infarction
Published	03/06/2025	Describe the morphologic changes of arterial infarction over time
Published	03/06/2025	What does a venous infarct look like?
Published	03/06/2025	How does a septic infarct occur? What does it appear as?
Published	03/06/2025	What are the 3 categories of vascular shock, with subcategories (Total of 6)
Published	03/06/2025	What is the end result of vascular shock?
Published	03/06/2025	Describe the mechanism of anaphylactic shock.
Published	03/06/2025	Describe the mechanism of neurogenic shock
Published	03/06/2025	Which type of vascular shock is the most common?
Published	03/06/2025	Describe the general mechanism of septic shock
Published	03/06/2025	What mechanistic part of septic shock leads to DIC? (Disseminated intravascular coagulation)
Published	03/06/2025	Describe the mechanism of the nonprogressive phase of shock.
Published	03/06/2025	Describe the mechanism of progressive shock.
Published	03/06/2025	Describe the mechanism of irreversible shock.
Published	03/06/2025	What are the clinical consequences of shock?
Published	03/06/2025	What is the purpose of acute inflammation?
Published	03/06/2025	What is the purpose of the fluidic phase of acute inflammation?
Published	03/06/2025	What is the purpose of the cellular phase of acute inflammation?
Published	03/06/2025	Describe why acutely inflammed tissues are:redswollenhyperthermicpainfulless functional
Published	03/06/2025	What are the beneficial effects of acute inflammation?
Published	03/06/2025	What are the detrimental effects of acute inflammation?
Published	03/13/2025	What are the principal mediators that result in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability?
Published	03/06/2025	{{c1::Transudate}} is a {{c2::low}} protein and {{c2::low}} cellular fluid that is {{c3::clear/yellow}} and {{c3::thin}}.{{c1::Exu…
Published	03/06/2025	In acute inflammation, {{c1::edema}} fluid {{c2::dilutes}} and {{c1::fibrin}} {{c2::confines}} the inciting agent/substance
Published	03/06/2025	What are the 3 characteristics of chronic inflammation discussed in class?
Published	03/06/2025	Chronic inflammation follows {{c1::failed acute inflammation}} or starts {{c1::de novo}}.
Published	03/10/2025	What are the steps of the leukocyte adhesion cascade?
Published	03/10/2025	What is the mechanism of leukocyte margination
Published	03/10/2025	{{c1::Leukocyte rolling}} is mediated by {{c2::selectins}}. The {{c2::selectin}} attachments form on the leading edge of rolling leukocytes and a…
Published	03/10/2025	What is leukocyte transendothelial migration and what mediates it?
Published	03/10/2025	{{c1::Neutrophils}} are the first leukocyte recruited in acute inflammation. Their main functions are {{c2::phagocytosis}} and {{c2::release…
Published	03/10/2025	Neutrophil granules contain a broad array of compounds that {{c1::facilitate extravasation and chemotaxis}} and {{c1::damage/kill microorgan…
Published	03/10/2025	What are the mechanisms of oxidative killing?
Published	03/10/2025	What are the mechanisms of phagocytosis?
Published	03/10/2025	For {{c1::stable adhesion}} to occur, {{c2::leukocytes}} and {{c2::endothelial cells}} must be activated. Once activated, leukocytes ex…
Published	03/24/2025	During sepicemia, what 4 broad actions of LPS simultaneously stimulate DIC?
Published	03/24/2025	What are the roles of Ca++ in blood clotting?
Published	03/24/2025	What pigments are visible during the early and late stages of a bruise?
Published	03/24/2025	What are the primary mediators of platelet activation during thrombosis?
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