Notes in MCPAP::Didactic - P2::Pathophizzz::Exam 1

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/10/2024	What are the 4 types of basic cell/tissue types?{{c1::Epithelial cells}}{{c2::Connective Tissue}}{{c3::Muscle cells}}{{c4::Nervous System cells}}
Published	09/10/2024	Which cell type connect, anchor, and/or support the structures of the body?{{c1::Connective tissue cells}}
Published	09/10/2024	The {{c1::muscle cell}} types function to generate {{c2::mechanical}} force
Published	09/10/2024	The {{c1::neuron}} is the base cell that acts to initiate, integrate, and conduct {{c2::electrical}} signals to other cells
Published	09/10/2024	Which cell type lines or covers the body surfaces?{{c1::Epithelial cells}}
Published	09/10/2024	All {{c2::Epithelial Cells}} sit on an extracellular protein layer called the {{c1::basement membrane}} which acts as a barrier and attachment po…
Published	09/10/2024	The {{c1::Basement membrane}} can serve as selective barriers to regulate the exchange of molecules, but are not penetrated by lymphatics or blood ves…
Published	09/10/2024	Epithelial cells can be {{c1::simple}} (one cell) or {{c2::stratified}} (multiple layers)
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3085:top=.0825:width=.3814:height=.0866:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.524:top=.2206:width=.1054:height=.0731…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Simple Squamous}} cells are typically {{c2::protective}} but are also capable of transport
Published	09/10/2024	Where are simple cuboidal cells typically found?{{c1::Small ducts and kidney tubules}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Simple columnar cells}} are typically found in the {{c1::GI tract (stomach, intestines)}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Microvilli}} are made up of {{c2::simple columnar}} type cells
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Ciliated columnar simple epithelium}} cells that make up cilia and are motile and are found in {{c2::fallopian tubes}}
Published	09/10/2024	The mucocilliary elevator is made up of {{c1::Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium}}
Published	09/10/2024	The predominant function of {{c1::Stratified squamous epithelium}} cell type is {{c2::protection}}
Published	09/10/2024	From which layer does Stratified squamous epithelium mature?{{c1::Basement membrane}}
Published	09/10/2024	Stratified squamous epithelium is commonly found in the: - {{c1::Skin}} –{{c2::Upper aerodigestive tract}} –{{c3::Vagina}}
Published	09/10/2024	The {{c1::transitional epithelium}} cell type is able to {{c2::expand}} to a large degree
Published	09/10/2024	Acute = {{c1::hours to days}}
Published	09/10/2024	Subacute = {{c1::week to couple of months}}
Published	09/10/2024	Chronic = {{c1::months to years}}
Published	09/10/2024	Definition{{c1::Hyperplasia}} = increase in number of cells
Published	09/10/2024	Definition{{c1::Hypertrophy}} = {{c2::increase in cell size}}
Published	09/10/2024	Definition{{c1::Atrophy}} = {{c2::decrease in number of cells }}
Published	09/10/2024	Definition{{c1::Metaplasia}} = {{c2::cells change type}}
Published	09/10/2024	What are the two kinds of cell death?{{c1::Necrosis and Apotosis}}
Published	09/10/2024	A tumor is considered a {{c1::neoplasia}} meaning "new growth"
Published	09/10/2024	Core temperature is an average of about {{c1::37.7°C (98.6°F)}}
Published	09/10/2024	Core temperature is controlled via the {{c1::anterior hypothalamus}}
Published	09/10/2024	What two populations generally have an impaired response to fever?{{c1::Neonates and Geriatrics}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Heat production}} is the principle by-product of {{c2::basal metabolism}}
Published	09/10/2024	What kind of hormones can also cause generation of heat?{{c1::Thyroid hormones}}
Published	09/10/2024	What are the three main methods of heat loss? 1.{{c1::Radiation}} in form of infrared heat rays 2. {{c2::Conduction/convection}} to air and objec…
Published	09/10/2024	Which condition is classifed as an increase in core body temp due to a “resetting” of the hypothalamic set point to a new temperature level?{{c1::Feve…
Published	09/10/2024	Explain how a fever is different than hyperthermia?
Published	09/10/2024	What is the most common cause of a fever? {{c1::Foreign invader/infection}} that causes an increase in {{c2::pyrogens }}
Published	09/10/2024	What condition is classifed as an increase of the production of body heat without a change in the hypothalamic set point?{{c1::Hyperthermia}}
Published	09/10/2024	Hyperthermia {{c1::does not}} (does/does not) respond to antipyretics
Published	09/10/2024	Does hyperthermia respond to antipyretics?{{c1::No, because inflammation is not caused by an immune response}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Exogenous}} pyrogens commonly come from {{c1::organisms that invade the body}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Pyrogens}} are any substance that causes a fever and can be either {{c2::exogenous}} or {{c2::endogenous}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Endogenous}} pyrogens generally produced by {{c2::host immune}} cells
Published	09/10/2024	How can exogenous pyrogens stimulate the production of endogenous pyrogens?
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1566:top=.1944:width=.2605:height=.0509:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1426:top=.5724:width=.2946:height=.048…
Published	09/10/2024	What are some examples of Endogenous pyrogenic cytokines?{{c1::IL-1}}{{c2::TNF}}{{c3::IL-6}}
Published	09/10/2024	What molecule is produced in the hypothalamus that causes an increase in set point?{{c1::prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) }}
Published	09/10/2024	Fever of Unknown Origin Must have a fever for a prolonged period of time and no diagnosis in spite of basic diagnostic testing, criteria include: –Fev…
Published	09/10/2024	What is the most common cause of FUO?{{c1::Infections}}
Published	09/10/2024	What are some common infectious causes of FUO?{{c1::TBBacterial EndocarditisViral (HIV, Epstein-Barr, CMV)FungalAbscessOsteomyelitis}}
Published	09/10/2024	What is the most common autoimmune cause of FUO?{{c1::Adult-onset Still's disease}}
Published	09/10/2024	With FUO, despite extensive testing in about {{c1::20-25}}% of cases no cause is found
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Timing}} strongly influences etiology of a Post-Op fever
Published	09/10/2024	Post-OP Fever: Temp >38°C (100.4°F) on {{c2::2}} consecutive post-op days OR a temp >39°C ({{c1::102.2°F}}) on any post-op day
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Early Post-Op Fever}} is defined as onset within the first {{c1::3}} days after surgery ({{c1::POD 0-3}})
Published	09/10/2024	What are the 3 general causes of an Early Post-Op Fever?1){{c1::Nosocomial Infections (pneumonia, UTI, Catheter Site infections)}}2) {{c2::Noninfectio…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Atelectasis}} = {{c2::collapse of a portion of a lung }}
Published	09/10/2024	A {{c2::Late Post-Op}} Fever is defined as fever onset {{c1::4-30}} days after surgery {{c1::(POD 4-30)}}
Published	09/10/2024	What is the most common cause of a Late Post-Op fever?{{c1::Surgical Site Infections}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Delayed postoperative}} fever is a fever that occurs {{c1::30}} days or more after the procedure
Published	09/10/2024	Unlike a fever, the hypothalamic temperature set point in hyperthermia conditions {{c1::remains the same}}
Published	09/10/2024	Hyperthermia can also be enhanced by drugs that impair {{c1::sweating}} or {{c2::vasodilatation}} (impaired heat loss mechanisms)
Published	09/10/2024	Heat cramps is thought to be caused by {{c1::dilutional hyponatremia}}
Published	09/10/2024	In heat cramps, is core temperature normal or abnormal?{{c1::Normal}}
Published	09/10/2024	In heat syncope, is core temperature normal or abnormal?{{c1::Normal}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Heat exhaustion}} = sudden onset of prostration and collapse due to failure of the cardiovascular system to compensate for {{c2::…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c3::Heat Stroke}} = Core body temperature is greater than {{c2::40˚C (105˚F)}} along with {{c1::CNS dysfunction}}
Published	09/10/2024	What are the two types of heat stroke?{{c1::Exertional}} and {{c1::Non-exertional}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Non-exertional}} heat stroke is more common in the elderly and pts with chronic condtions that impair thermoregulation
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)}} is classified as an idiosyncratic reaction to {{c1::antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs}} causing incr…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Serotonin Syndrome}} occurs when a patient takes an agent that increases levels of serotonin in the CNS, most often when more than one agent is …
Published	09/10/2024	What is the best treatment for malignant hyperthermia?{{c1::IV Dantrolene}}
Published	09/10/2024	What rare condition usually occurs within a hour of exposure to a general anesthetic?{{c1::Malignant hyperthermia}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Hypertrophy}} is the result of increased production of cellular proteins and occurs due to: 1. {{c2::Increased functional demands}} 2.…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Hypertrophy}} is the prevalent adaptation in tissues {{c2::incapable}} of cell division (i.e. the myocardium and skeletal muscles)
Published	09/10/2024	Hyperplasia only occurs in tissues with cells that {{c1::are capable}} of dividing
Published	09/10/2024	Physiologic causes of Hyperplasia –{{c1::Hormonal}} = stimulates hyperplasia when needed physiologically –{{c2::Compensatory}} =&n…
Published	09/10/2024	Pathologic causes of Hyperplasia –{{c1::Excess hormones or growth factors}} –{{c2::Response to some viral infections}}
Published	09/10/2024	Regneration of the liver is a form of {{c1::compensatory}} hyperplasia
Published	09/10/2024	A good example of {{c1::hormonal}} hyperplasia is in the breast, where ductual changes are seen during lactation from {{c2::estrogen}} stimulation
Published	09/10/2024	The degredation of the thyroglossal duct during fetal development is an example of {{c1::physiological}} atrophy
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0956:top=.594:width=.4676:height=.0572}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0922:top=.267:width=.3072:height=.0463}}{{c3…
Published	09/10/2024	An decrease in {{c1::protein synthesis}} and increase in {{c1::protein degredation}} are two common mechanisms for {{c2::atrophy}}
Published	09/10/2024	What is one common example of autoimmune atrophy of the pancreas?{{c1::T1 Diabetes}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Trasitional epithelium}} is able to stretch to a large degree and lines the {{c2::urinary tract}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Stratified squamous}} epithelium matures from the {{c2::basement membrane}} deep to superficially
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0124:top=.1896:width=.2762:height=.0705:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0124:top=.6893:width=.2776:height=.089…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Stratified squamous}} epithelium may specialize by forming {{c1::keratin}} which are crosslinked cytoskeletal proteins
Published	09/10/2024	Sequence of cellular, biochemical, and molecular events that follows exposure to an injurious agent{{c1::Pathogenesis}}
Published	09/10/2024	Specific, distinctive feature or characteristic of a disease process{{c1::Pathognomonic}}
Published	09/10/2024	What are some malignant causes of a FUO?{{c1::Lymphoma}}{{c2::Leukemia}}{{c3::Renal Cell Carncinoma}}{{c4::Hepatocelluar carcinoma}}
Published	09/10/2024	In heat exhaustion, is the body's core temperature normal or abnormal?{{c1::Abnormal}}
Published	09/10/2024	Which antipsychotic medication is commonly asociated with the onset of Neuroleptic malignant syndrome?{{c1::Haloperidol}}
Published	09/10/2024	What cytokines and polypeptide growth factors are associated with the regeneration of liver tissue? (3){{c1::IL-6}}{{c2::HGF}}{{c3::TGF-alpha}}
Published	09/10/2024	In smokers, {{c1::columnar epithelium}} can switch to more rugged {{c2::squamous epithelium}} in the airways in response to chronic inflammation …
Published	09/10/2024	In {{c1::Barrett esophagus}}, {{c2::squamous}} epithelium changes to {{c3::columnar epithelium}} in the esophagus in response to chronic ref…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Metaplasia}} : Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Hypoxia}} : decreased amount of oxygen in blood but blood flow normal
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Anoxia}} : no oxygen
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Ischemia}} : reduction in blood flow (decreased serum, oxygen, and nutrients)
Published	09/10/2024	What are some causes of cellular injury?{{c1::Oxygen deprivation}}{{c2::Physcial injury (heat, trauma, judo chops)}}{{c3::Chemical/Drugs}}{{c4::Infect…
Published	09/10/2024	The most common cause of ACUTE liver failure in the US is {{c1::acetominophen toxicity}}
Published	09/10/2024	Approximately {{c1::50}}% of cases of acute liver failure are due to {{c2::acetominophen toxicity}}
Published	09/10/2024	The use of the antidote {{c1::acetylcysteine}} in acetominophen toxicity reduces the death rate to {{c2::almost 0}} if given within {{c3::10…
Published	09/10/2024	At normal doses, {{c1::95}}% of acetaminophen is conjugated to {{c2::sulfate}} and {{c2::glucuronide}} and is excreted in the {{c3::urine}}
Published	09/10/2024	The remaining 5% of acetominophen is metabolized in the liver by the {{c1::cytochrome P (CYP)}} system to hepatotoxic compounds such as {{c2…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4122:top=.5663:width=.2095:height=.0843:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7905:top=.5181:width=.0743:height=.060…
Published	09/10/2024	Hepatotoxic unconjugated (free) NAPQI accumulation occurs with: 1. {{c4::Excess intake of acetaminophen }}(most important)2. {{c3::Decreased conjugati…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c3::Chronic}} alcohol use increases acetominophen toxicity becasue ETOH induces {{c1::cytochrome P450}} and decreases {{c2::GSH stores}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Acute}} alcohol intoxication may actually be {{c1::protective}} in acetominophen toxicity
Published	09/10/2024	What is the value is used to guide treatment for acute acetominophen toxicity?{{c1::Revised Rumack-Matthew Nomogram}}
Published	09/10/2024	If a pts value Revised Rumack - Matthew Nomogram value is {{c2::above}} the treatment line and within 4-24 hours after ingestion, {{c1::treat with ace…
Published	09/10/2024	To properly use the Revised Rumack - Matthew Nomogram, acetominophen levels cannot be drawn after {{c1::24}} hours
Published	09/10/2024	What are the two mechanisms that unconjugated NAPQI can cause hepatocellular injury?{{c1::Binding to proteins causing mitrochondrial or cellular membr…
Published	09/10/2024	What is the treatment for acute liver toxicity due to excess acetominophen intake?{{c1::Acetylcysteine}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1984:top=.3454:width=.1535:height=.0538:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2031:top=.4664:width=.1395:height=.059…
Published	09/10/2024	In which stage of acute acetominophen toxicity does death most commonly occur?{{c1::Stage III - 72-96 hours}}
Published	09/10/2024	What are some common symptoms seens in Stage 1 of acute acetopminophen toxicity?{{c1::Nause, vomiting, sweating, pallor, lethargy, malaise}}
Published	09/10/2024	T/F: All cellular injuries are irreverseible{{c1::False, some are reversible}}
Published	09/10/2024	Cell injury involves virtually all parts of the cell but the principal targets of damage are: – {{c1::Mitochondria}} – {{c2::Cell membrane}} - {{…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1225:top=.5271:width=.0295:height=.0264}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2465:top=.5324:width=.0357:height=.0211}}{{…
Published	09/10/2024	Damage to mitochondria can occur by: – Increases in {{c4::cytosolic calcium}} – {{c3::Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)}} – {{c2::Oxygen deprivation}} – {…
Published	09/10/2024	What are the 3 main consequences of mitochondrial damage?{{c4::{{c1::ATP depletion}}{{c2::Incomplete oxidative phosphorylation forming ROS}}{{c3::Leak…
Published	09/10/2024	What are the 5 effects of ATP depletion in the mitrochondria?{{c6::{{c1::Decrease function of sodium pump}}{{c2::Switch from OP to Glycolysis causing …
Published	09/10/2024	Depleted ATP can cause decreased function of energy dependent {{c3::sodium pump}} Decreased sodium pump function increases {{c2::sodium}} retenti…
Published	09/10/2024	If a membrane is damaged, early loss of {{c1::selective membrane permeability}} can occur, leading to overt membrane damage
Published	09/10/2024	Damage to nuclear DNA activates sensors that trigger {{c1::p53-dependent}} pathways
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6233:top=.2699:width=.1318:height=.0652:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4605:top=.3411:width=.0946:height=.063…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Free radicals}} : Molecules or atoms with an unpaired electron in an outer orbit
Published	09/10/2024	Some ROS are {{c1::autocatalytic}}, meaning they can convert spontaneously convert other molecules into ROS
Published	09/10/2024	T/F:  Free radicals are not always damaging, and are present in the body from normal physiologic mechanisms{{c1::True}}
Published	09/10/2024	Free radicals are generated within cells during or due to:  – {{c1::Normal metabolism}} – {{c2::By leukocytes during inflammation}} – {{c3::Prese…
Published	09/10/2024	What are some mechanisms of the body to protect against free radicals?{{c4::{{c1::Rapid spontaneous decay of ROS}}{{c2::Antioxidants}}{{c3::Enzymes th…
Published	09/10/2024	What are the 3 main mechanisms used by free radicals to cause injury?{{c1::Damage to cell membranes by lipid peroxidation}}{{c2::Modification of prote…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency}} is characterized by a decreased ability of cells, esp. RBCs, to protect themselves fr…
Published	09/10/2024	The point of no return of irreversible cellular injury is marked by 2 phenomenon:{{c3::{{c1::Inability to reverse mitcohondrial dysfunction}}{{c2::Pro…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.107:top=.7407:width=.1194:height=.0386:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1039:top=.7848:width=.1705:height=.0441…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3925:top=.8971:width=.0989:height=.0358:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.8393:top=.7198:width=.0973:height=.028…
Published	09/10/2024	Late reperfusion to ischemic tissues may cause worsening of injury (“{{c5::reperfusion injury}}”) via several mechanisms  –Reoxygenation causes g…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Necrosis}} : Non-programmed cell changes in response to irreversible exogenous injury
Published	09/10/2024	In necrosis, {{c2::internal contents}} leak to the surrounding area leading to surrounding {{c1::inflammation}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Necrosis}} can be associated with the leakage of {{c1::intracellular proteins}}, which we can measure in the blood to help aid the diagnosis of …
Published	09/10/2024	Necrosis can also cause the release of substances that can be toxic to the body including things like:{{c1::Potassium}}{{c2::Uric acid}}{{c3::Myoglobi…
Published	09/10/2024	A localized area of necrosis is termed an {{c1::infarct}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Coagulative}} nercrosis is typically cause by {{c1::ischemia}} and the tissue structure can persist for days
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Liquefactive}} necrosis : common in {{c1::brain}} tissue after infarct
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Dry gangreous}} necrosis = coagulative necrosis, usually black/well defined borders with a hard, dry texture
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1:: Wet form gangrenous}} necrosis = more liquefactive necrosis usually with a superimposed bacterial infection, typically more moist and…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Caseous}} necrosis is defined as "Cheesy” area of necrosis with a distinctive border forming {{c1::granulomas}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Fibrinoid}} necrosis can occurs in {{c3::blood vessels}} after {{c2::immune}} reactions
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Apotosis}} : Programmed cell death -> cell’s own enzymes are activated for cell death (suicide)
Published	09/10/2024	Apotosis: The dead cell and it’s fragments ({{c1::apoptotic bodies}}) and are phagocytized with an intact plasma membrane and with little or no {{c2::…
Published	09/10/2024	What are some physiologic functions for apoptosis?{{c1::Embyrogenesis}}{{c2::Hormone dependent involution}}{{c3::Control of cell numbers}}{{c4::Tumor …
Published	09/10/2024	What are some pathologic triggers of apoptosis?{{c5::Chromosomal DNA damage}}{{c4::Acumulation of misfolded proteins}}{{c3::Viral infections}}{{c2::Tu…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4388:top=.1785:width=.1333:height=.0572:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7302:top=.5627:width=.1411:height=.059…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3411:top=.2659:width=.1783:height=.054:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6543:top=.2632:width=.2062:height=.0594…
Published	09/10/2024	The {{c1::mitochondiral (intrinsic)}} pathway of apoptosis is the major mechanism of apoptosis in both physiologic and pathologic situations
Published	09/10/2024	Activation of Intrisic and Extrisic Apoptosis pathways lead to activation of {{c1::caspases}}
Published	09/10/2024	Vulvovaginal atrophy occurs due to removal of {{c1::estrogen}} stimulation
Published	09/10/2024	Tumor suppressor gene {{c2::p53}} identifies DNA damge and halts the cell cycle so damage can be repaired, and if it can't be repaired, it triggers {{…
Published	09/10/2024	Apoptosis helps control the immune response by deleting cells that {{c1::respond to self antigens}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Necroptosis}} : Programmed Hybrid that shares aspects of both necrosis and apoptosis
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Pyroptosis}} is a form of apoptosis that occurs in cells infected by {{c1::microbes}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Heterophagy}} : cell consuming material from its environment
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Autophagy}} : digestion of cell's own components
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Steatosis}} : {{c2::Abnormal intracellular lipid accumulation}}
Published	09/10/2024	Where is steatosis most commonly seen?{{c1::Liver}}
Published	09/10/2024	What are two main reasons for steatosis?{{c3::{{c1::Decrease lipid metabolism and removal}}{{c2::Increased amounts of lipids}}}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Amyloidosis}} : Aggregation of {{c2::abnormal proteins}} in the body
Published	09/10/2024	Neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer Disease are abnormal accumulation of {{c1::cytoskeleton proteins }}
Published	09/10/2024	What are some exogenous sources of pigment accumulation?{{c1::Carbon or coal dust}}{{c2::Smoking}}{{c3::Tattooing}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Lipofuscin}} : Pimentation accumulation due to lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids of intracellular membranes, a sign of {{c2::free rad…
Published	09/10/2024	Abnormal calcification is divided into {{c1::dystrophic}} and {{c1::metastatic}} calcification
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Dystrophic}} calcifications are seen in areas of {{c1::necrosis}} or areas of previous tissue damage/necrotic tissue, such as: –Heart valves –At…
Published	09/10/2024	In {{c2::Dystrophic}} calcifications, serum calcium levels {{c1::are not}} (are/are not) elevated
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Metastatic}} calcification can occur in normal tissues due to high levels of serum calcium
Published	09/10/2024	Calcifcations in chronic renal failure can occur often due to {{c1::secondary hyperparathyroidism}} due to kidney retention of phosphate
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Cellular aging}} is the result of progressive decline in cellular function and viability caused by genetic abnormalities and the accumulati…
Published	09/10/2024	Most DNA damage can be repaired but as cells age that damage {{c1::persists}} and {{c1::accumulates}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Cellular senescence}} : After a certain number of divisions cells enter a terminally non-dividing, also known as {{c1::replicative senescence&nb…
Published	09/10/2024	What are the two mechanisms of cellular senescence?{{c3::{{c1::Telomere attrition}}{{c2::Activation of tumor suppression genes}}}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Telomeres}} : short repeated sequences of DNA (TTAGGG) present at the ends of chromosomes
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Telomerase}} : enzyme that maintains the length of telomeres
Published	09/10/2024	As cells replicate, the telomeres are incompletely replicated and become progressively {{c2::shortened}} which ultimately results in cell cy…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Tumor suppressor genes}} : genes that encode for proteins that act to regulate cell division, keeping it in check
Published	09/10/2024	Werner syndrome is due to a mutation in the {{c1::DNA helicase}} gene
Published	09/10/2024	What is the median age of death for patients with Werner syndrome?{{c1::54 y/o}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria}} syndrome is due to a spontaneous mutation of the {{c1::lamin A (LMNA)}} gene
Published	09/10/2024	What is the median age of death for patients with Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome?{{c1::15 y/o}}
Published	09/10/2024	Liver toxicity is likely is a single ingestion is >{{c1::250}}mg/kg or >{{c2::12}}g in a 24 hour period
Published	09/10/2024	When nuclear DNA is damaged, sensors that trigger {{c1::p53}} dependent pathways occurs
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5437:top=.4386:width=.0636:height=.0264:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.435:top=.5405:width=.2831:height=.0321…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Liquefactive}} necrosis is common in {{c1::brain}} tissue after an infarct
Published	09/10/2024	{{c3::Caseous}} necrosis creates a "{{c2::cheesy}}" area of necrosis with a defined border, typically seen in TB forming {{c1::granulomas}}
Published	09/10/2024	Steps of the Mitrochondrial (Intrinsic) Pathway of Apoptosis{{c4::{{c1::Mitochondrial membrane becomes more permeable and cytochrome c leaks out}}{{c2…
Published	09/10/2024	The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis is initiated by a {{c1::receptor-ligand}} interaction on the cell {{c2::plasma membrane}}
Published	09/10/2024	Necroptosis does not use {{c1::caspases}}, but begins like the {{c2::death-receptor}} phase of apoptosis with TNF receptor activation
Published	09/10/2024	{{c2::Cholesterol}} accumulations can be observed as {{c1::atherosclerotic plaques}} in vasculature
Published	09/10/2024	Activation of the tumor suppressor gene {{c2::p16}} pushes cells into {{c1::senescence}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Inflammation}} : {{c2::Response of vascularized tissues to an injurious agent that delivers mediators of host defense and plasma proteins&n…
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