Notes in MB721 - exam #3

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Published	05/10/2024	Describe cytokines (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What are lymphokines?- can they be secreted by non-lymphoid cells?
Published	05/10/2024	What are most cytokines produced by activated T cells called?1) what were they originally defined as?2) can other non-lymphoid cells secrete these cyt…
Published	05/10/2024	Define chemokines
Published	05/10/2024	Cytokines are involved in all aspects of ___- examples (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Origin & activity of the following cytokines involved in lymphocyte activation:1) IL-22) IFN-gamma3) IL-44) IL-105) TGF-beta
Published	05/10/2024	Origin & activity of the following cytokines involved in local inflammation:1) IL-12) IFN-gamma3) IL-174) TNF-alpha5) chemokines (e.g. IL-8)
Published	05/10/2024	Origin & activity of the following cytokines involved in systemic inflammation:1) IL-1 & IL-62) TNF-alpha3) colony-stimulating factors (various)
Published	05/10/2024	Individual cytokines: (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What do cytokines bind to?- what do they trigger?
Published	05/10/2024	Autocrine vs paracrine vs endocrine cytokine action- which is most common?
Published	05/10/2024	Pleiotropic vs redundant vs synergistic vs antagonistic cytokine action
Published	05/10/2024	Do cytokines work alone?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the major cytokine produced by Tc cells?- what are the functions of this cytokine? (2)- major purpose of Tc cells
Published	05/10/2024	What important cytokine do natural killer cells secrete?
Published	05/10/2024	What cytokines do Th1 cells secrete? (2)- what is the function of each?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the major function of Th1 cells?
Published	05/10/2024	What cytokines do Th2 cells secrete?- what is the function of these?
Published	05/10/2024	What cytokine do Th17 cells secrete?- what is the function of this?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 2 major cytokines secreted by macrophages?- what are these involved with?
Published	05/10/2024	Does the pathogen or the immune response cause fever, weight loss, & sleepiness?
Published	05/10/2024	What is a cytokine storm?- what triggers it? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	When is it difficult to distinguish btw a normal & dysregulated response to severe infection?
Published	05/10/2024	What is hematopoeisis?1) what do all of these originate from?2) what causes the differentiated progeny to divide?3) what is the normal, major source o…
Published	05/10/2024	What cytokine is required for production of RBCs?- what is the major cytokine-producing cell in the bone marrow?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the possible routes of cytokine therapy? (8)
Published	05/10/2024	What is periodontal disease an interaction between?
Published	05/10/2024	Periodontal disease:1) what is this process described as?2) what happens when Th1 activity is induced in the area?3) what will that^ cause?4) what doe…
Published	05/10/2024	What does complement consist of?- what does it do?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 3 major, distinct mechanisms of complement cascade?
Published	05/10/2024	Complement cascade outcomes (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Alternative pathway:1) is it Ab-dependent?2) innate or adaptive immune system?3) what did it likely evolve first as?4) how does it work?5) what does i…
Published	05/10/2024	What is the classical pathway initiated by?- what is the target of this complement cascade?
Published	05/10/2024	Lectin pathway:1) is it antibody-dependent? what pathway is it identical to?2) innate or adaptive immunity?3) what does the first step involve?4) what…
Published	05/10/2024	What is ficollin?1) what does it bind to?2) what does it activate?
Published	05/10/2024	What does activation of the complement pathway lead to? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What is the classic pathway initiated by?1) what does binding/initiation cause?2) what is C1?3) what must occur for a stable C1-Ab-Ag interaction?4) h…
Published	05/10/2024	Why do only IgG & IgM work to activate C1?
Published	05/10/2024	What happens to C4a & C4b after C4 is cut into these 2 fragments?1) what happens to C2a & C2b after C2 is cut into these 2 fragments?2) what is the C4…
Published	05/10/2024	What happens to C2a & C2b after C2 is cut into these 2 fragments?
Published	05/10/2024	C-reactive protein:1) what is it synthesized & released by?2) what does it bind to?3) what does it do once it binds?
Published	05/10/2024	Do the following bind to PAMPs or DAMPs:1) CRP2) Ab3) MBP** ask if this is right
Published	05/10/2024	When is the alternative pathway the same as the classic pathway?1) what is the alternate pathway initiated by?2) what will the C3b component bind to? …
Published	05/10/2024	What is the bond in C3?- how is it split?
Published	05/10/2024	What is produced in the classical pathway & feeds into alternative pathway?- this is a __ loop
Published	05/10/2024	3 results of complement activation:
Published	05/10/2024	What is the aim of opsonization?
Published	05/10/2024	How does complement aid in removal of Ag-Ab immune complexes in the following scenarios1) w/ large particulate immune complexes 2) w/ smaller, soluble…
Published	05/10/2024	Why is it important that smaller, soluble immune complexes are removed from bloodstream quickly?
Published	05/10/2024	How many C3b receptors are there?- how are they different?
Published	05/10/2024	What happens if bovine serum albumin (BSA) is injected into a rabbit?1) how will blood-carried immune complexes mostly be cleared?2) what will happen …
Published	05/10/2024	What is the general mechanism for the regulation of complement?
Published	05/10/2024	What does C1 inhibitor (C1-inh) do?
Published	05/10/2024	What does decay activating factor (DAF) do?
Published	05/10/2024	What does factor H modulate?
Published	05/10/2024	What can inherited abnormalities of complement lead to?
Published	05/10/2024	What does deficiencies of the early components of the classical pathway (C1, C4, or C2) lead to?
Published	05/10/2024	What will patients w/ problems of MAC development have problems with?
Published	05/10/2024	What will deficiencies in any of the complement regulatory molecules lead to?1) what happens if DAF is defective?2) what happens if C1-inh is defectiv…
Published	05/10/2024	What do viruses (bottled messages) float around as?1) what causes them to stick to host cells?2) what does the message say?3) what happens after that^
Published	05/10/2024	What will viral proteins made w/in a host cell be presented as?1) what cells will this be passed over to? what will they do?2) what will hopefully be …
Published	05/10/2024	Do all known cell forms have viruses?- what is a virus?
Published	05/10/2024	Why is the immunity against the spike protein short lived?
Published	05/10/2024	What can mutating spikes be important in?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the different viral genomes? (4)1) what are viruses surrounded (bottled) by?2) what can the shape of that^ be?
Published	05/10/2024	How can cells release viruses? (2)- what happens to the spike proteins in each process?
Published	05/10/2024	What is a viral envelope?- what are spikes required for?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 5 cellular outcomes caused by viral infections?
Published	05/10/2024	Phylogenetic 'tree' of viruses- describe the different types of viruses (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 4 basic viral structures?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 4 basic viral morphologies?
Published	05/10/2024	Positive-sense vs anti-sense viruses
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 2 key steps for a virus to replicate & cause disease w/in a cell?(both involve nucleic acids)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the key steps of a viral infection cycle? (6)- & describe
Published	05/10/2024	What viruses can use the cell's polymerases?
Published	05/10/2024	What do the following polymerases do:1) DNA-dependent, DNA-polymerase2) DNA-dependent, RNA polymerase3) RNA-dependent, DNA-polymerase4) RNA-dependent,…
Published	05/10/2024	Will a viral genome code for nucleic acid polymerase and/or bring a nucleic acid polymerase in the following scenarios:1) ssDNA2) dsDNA3) + ssRNA4) - …
Published	05/10/2024	Viral trivia:1) how many different viruses are there?2) what number of viruses actually infect & cause disease?3) what is viremia? what can this be fo…
Published	05/10/2024	What % of plaque bacteria is killed by viruses?
Published	05/10/2024	How can viruses be spread? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	How are horizontal infections spread? (7)
Published	05/10/2024	What microbes are able to infect transplacentally? (6)
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the iceberg effect (3)
Published	05/10/2024	When can opportunistic infections cause disease?
Published	05/10/2024	What happens when # of microorganism exceeds threshold?1) what if # is below threshold?2) what if # oscillate above & below threshold?3) what are asym…
Published	05/10/2024	What antibody do we make more than all other antibodies combined?
Published	05/10/2024	How much IgA are humans born with?- how is protective IgA supplied to us? until when?
Published	05/10/2024	Development of IgA immunity:What antigens stimulate IgA?1) following uptake, what will present these antigens?2) what will then react & clone? what wi…
Published	05/10/2024	When IgA gets passed to neonates in milk, is this an active or passive immune process?1) where does this occur? what does not it pass through?2) descr…
Published	05/10/2024	What is the one surface site where IgA is not the major antibody protecting or surfaces (mucosa & secretions)?
Published	05/10/2024	sIgA functions (3)
Published	05/10/2024	How is sIgA not rapidly loss by the flushing action of saliva?- what is another important characteristic of sIgA?
Published	05/10/2024	Unlike IgG, sIgA is a poor ___ activator & also not a good ___
Published	05/10/2024	Is IgA also found in the body?
Published	05/10/2024	What is oral tolerance?
Published	05/10/2024	Oral tolerance:What does high dose Ag feeding result in?1) what does multiple dose Ag feeding result in?2) what may also play a role in oral tolerance…
Published	05/10/2024	What did the IgA say to the Spanish lung epithelial cell that helped transport it to the outside?
Published	05/10/2024	IgA immune system figure (review):1) what is immediately beneath all mucosal surfaces? what do they do?2) what will specialized mucosal APC cells proc…
Published	05/10/2024	Polio:1) what family is poliovirus a member of?2) what is another member of this family that causes the 'common cold?'3) describe its structure4) wher…
Published	05/10/2024	Polio & antibody:1) what is the major protective immune mechanism against poliovirus?2) what does sIgA do?3) what does serum IgG do?4) what does the S…
Published	05/10/2024	Polio Salk vaccine:1) injected or ingested?2) infectious vaccine?3) what does it induce?4) what will this not protect against? what will it protect ag…
Published	05/10/2024	Polio Sabin vaccine:1) injected or ingested?2) infectious vaccine?3) what does it induce?4) what will it protect against?
Published	05/10/2024	What do both the Salk & Sabin polio vaccines protect against?
Published	05/10/2024	Poliovirus:1) what family? what kind of virus?2) is it enveloped?3) how many serotypes?4) how is it spread?
Published	05/10/2024	Poliomyelitis pathogenesis (5)
Published	05/10/2024	Outcomes poliovirus infection (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Poliovirus epidemiology:1) reservoir?2) transmission?3) communicability?
Published	05/10/2024	US polio vaccination recommendations since 2000:- inactivated or attenuated?
Published	05/10/2024	Polio eradication:1) when was the last case in the US?2) when did WHO resolve to globally eradicate polio?3) when was the Western Hemisphere certified…
Published	05/10/2024	Influenza viruses:1) continues as one of the ___ pandemic infections2) how can it directly cause death? (2)3) what family are influenza viruses member…
Published	05/10/2024	Influenza replication:1) what must it bring for replication to occur?2) why^3) what does that^^ provide?4) how does it produce & direct its proteins?5…
Published	05/10/2024	What does the genome of influenza virus consist of?- what does this allow for?
Published	05/10/2024	Why is genome mixing especially important for the influenza virus?
Published	05/10/2024	Define antigenic shift- what can this result in? define (2)
Published	05/10/2024	How else can spike proteins genes mutate?- what can this result in?
Published	05/10/2024	When is host antibody immunity to influenza usually involved?- what can occur when a viral point mutations occurs at key spike site?
Published	05/10/2024	Define endemic
Published	05/10/2024	How often are there flu epidemics? when?- how often are there worldwide flu pandemics? when was the last one?
Published	05/10/2024	Where does influenza replicate?1) what does the ssRNA genome render common? = __ mutations2) what does the segmented genome allow for? = __ mutations3…
Published	05/10/2024	What does antigenic shift normally require? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What are drift mutations?1) what can they lead to?2) what influenza viruses do they occur in?
Published	05/10/2024	What does the hemagglutinin protein (H protein) facilitate?- what does the neraminidase protein (N protein) help?
Published	05/10/2024	What is a shift mutation?1) what is it caused by?2) what can it lead to?
Published	05/10/2024	Diagnosis of influenza:- what assays are available to test if influenza infections are occurring?
Published	05/10/2024	Diagnosis of influenza: hemagglutination inhibition assay1) where can influenza viruses grow? what can they bind to? where are these found?2) what doe…
Published	05/10/2024	Immunity to influenza:1) during typical infection, what will influenza infecting significant # of lung epithelial cells result in?2) what will viral i…
Published	05/10/2024	What do many deaths from influenza result from?
Published	05/10/2024	What are most influenza pandemics & epidemics associated with?- what does the site of first isolation usually identify?
Published	05/10/2024	Influenza presentation & treatment:1) what are the 3 types of influenza that can infect humans? how are they identified?2) what type are pandemics usu…
Published	05/10/2024	Flu vaccines are usually ___rivalent - what does this mean?1) what strains are predicted to be the major strains circulating in a given flu season?2) …
Published	05/10/2024	What are viruses for flu vaccines usually grown in?- what are examples of new FDA approve flu vaccines? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What kind of viral vaccines have been used in Russia for decades?- what are the possible advantages of this vaccines? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What are adjunct to influenza vaccines for controlling & preventing influenza?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 5 major licensed influenza antiviral agents available in US?(technically 6, but he says 6th one isn't that good)
Published	05/10/2024	What are amantadine & rimantidine?1) what influenza strain(s) are they effective against?2) how do they work?
Published	05/10/2024	What are oseltamivir, zanamivir, & peramivir?1) what influenza strain(s) are they effective against?2) how do they work?3) what are disadvantages of t…
Published	05/10/2024	What influenza drug does the CDC no longer recommend?- why?
Published	05/10/2024	Influenza1) how many pandemics in last 100 years?2) how many deaths in 1918-1919 pandemic?3) when was the virus first isolated?
Published	05/10/2024	Influenza virus:1) what kind of virus?2) family?3) type?4) subtypes of type A determined by?
Published	05/10/2024	Influenza virus strains - pandemic or epidemic? & who does it infect:1) type A2) type B3) type C
Published	05/10/2024	Influenza antigenic changes:1) what periodically changes?2) what influenza type do shift mutations occur in? major or minor changes? __ subtype associ…
Published	05/10/2024	Influenza pathogenesis (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Influenza clinical features:1) how long is the incubation period?2) what is there abrupt onset of? (5)3) what does the severity of illness depend on?4…
Published	05/10/2024	Impact of influenza (USA):____ excess deaths in each of 8 epidemics btw 1972 & 2022____ endemic deaths each year over last 15 years (increasing)__% of…
Published	05/10/2024	Influenza epidemiology:1) reservoir?2) transmission?3) temporal pattern?4) communicability?
Published	05/10/2024	Influenza vaccine:1) composition?2) efficacy?3) duration of immunity?4) schedule?
Published	05/10/2024	Influenza vaccine efficacy1) __% to __% effective among persons 2) __% to __% effective among frail elderly persons3) __% to __% effective in preventi…
Published	05/10/2024	Influenza surveillance (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Summary - influenza (USA)1) >___ deaths in epidemic years2) >__% of flu deaths in persons >65 years of age3) what reduces complications & deaths?
Published	05/10/2024	Flu pandemics: 1918 what did happen vs 2023 what could happen1) population?2) travel time virus to circle globe?3) prevention?4) treatment?5) estimate…
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