Notes in 42 Pediatric Anesthesia

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Published	12/13/2023	Neonatal diaphragms are weaker than adult ones because of the lack of {{c1::type I fibers}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The alveoli are fully mature by about {{c1::8 years::years}} of age
Published	12/13/2023	How do the number of alveoli of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Decreased }}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the functional residual capacity of neonates compare to an adult?{{c1::Decreased }}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the lung compliance of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Decreased }}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the total body fat of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the tongue size of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the neck length of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Shorter}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the drug protein binding of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Decreased }}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the speed of inhalational induction in infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Increased → faster rise in FA/FI}}
Published	12/13/2023	The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is highest in infants around {{c1::1 year*}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The primary determinant of cardiac output in a neonate is {{c1::heart rate}}.
Published	12/13/2023	How does the volume of distribution (water-soluble drugs) of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Increased }}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the GFR of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Decreased }}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the alveolar ventilation of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Increased }}
Published	12/13/2023	What inhaled anesthetic demonstrates no difference in MAC between infants and neonates?{{c1::Sevoflurane}}
Published	12/13/2023	The pediatric dose of succinylcholine is {{c1::2}} mg/kg.
Published	12/13/2023	In pediatric cardiac arrest following administration of succinylcholine, immediate treatment for {{c1::hyper}}-kalemia should be instituted.
Published	12/13/2023	A viral infection in children within {{c1::2 to 4 weeks::weeks}} of surgery increases the risk of pulmonary complications.
Published	12/13/2023	Where is a preductal pulse oximeter placed for a neonate?{{c1::Right arm}}
Published	12/13/2023	Maintenance requirements for pediatric patients can be determined by the {{c2::“4:2:1 rule”}}: {{c1::4}} mL/kg/h for the first 10 kg …
Published	12/13/2023	For pediatric caudal anesthesia using the loss-of-resistance technique, the syringe should be filled with {{c1::saline}}
Published	12/13/2023	When sedating a pediatric patient for imaging studies, intranasal {{c1::dexmedetomidine}} is useful in infants who do not have or need…
Published	12/13/2023	Pediatric patients are particularly vulnerable to two common postanesthetic complications: {{c1::laryngospasm}} and postintubation…
Published	12/13/2023	Laryngospasm can be treated by {{c1::increasing}} anesthetic depth.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::cricoid cartilage}} is the narrowest part of a pediatric airway.
Published	12/13/2023	The most common cause of post-intubation croup is a {{c1::oversized ETT}}.  …
Published	12/13/2023	What steroid is used to treat post-intubation croup?{{c1::Dexamethasone 0.25-0.5 mg/kg IV}} …
Published	12/13/2023	When does post-intubation croup typically occur?{{c1::Within 1 hour of extubation}} …
Published	12/13/2023	Surgical repair of omphalocele and gastroschisis is often staged with a prosthetic {{c1::silo}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis causes hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis with late-onset {{c1::paradoxically acidic}} urine …
Published	12/13/2023	What should be done before surgery of a patient with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis? {{c1::Correction of fluid and electrolyte abnor…
Published	12/13/2023	In a patient with suspected epiglottitis, the preferred induction technique is {{c1::inhalational}}.  …
Published	12/13/2023	Neck {{c1::flexion}} during laryngoscopy and intubation may result in {{c2::atlantooccipital}} dislocation in pat…
Published	12/13/2023	How does the total body water of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	Infants are {{c1::less::more/less}} able to respond to hypovolemia with compensatory vasoconstriction than adults.
Published	12/13/2023	What drug can be used to prevent postoperative apnea in infants?{{c1::Caffeine 10 mg/kg IV::drug + dose}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the respiratory rate of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Increased }}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the glottic angle of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::More acute}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the epiglottis length of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Longer}}
Published	12/13/2023	What respiratory muscles are underdeveloped in infants?{{c1::Intercostal muscles}}
Published	12/13/2023	In infants, the ribs are situated in a {{c1::horizontal}} position.
Published	12/13/2023	What type of muscle fibers are resistant to fatigue?{{c1::Type I (slow twitch)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of muscle fibers perform short bursts of heavy work?{{c1::Type II (fast twitch)}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the chest wall compliance of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Increased }}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the renal tubule function of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Decreased }}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the hypoglycemic threshold for neonates?{{c1::40 mg/dL}}
Published	12/13/2023	Is the MAC higher in neonates or infants?{{c1::Infants}}
Published	12/13/2023	How is the dose of nondepolarizing paralytics adjusted in pediatric patients?{{c1::No change}}
Published	12/13/2023	How is the dose of depolarizing paralytics adjusted in pediatric patients?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	Why does succinylcholine have a longer duration of action in neonates?{{c1::Decreased pseudocholinesterase levels}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the primary factor in rapid inhalational induction times in pediatric patints?{{c1::Pediatrics have higher minute ventilation}}
Published	12/13/2023	What ages are particularly susceptible to post-intubation croup?{{c1::Early childhood (1-4 years)}} …
Published	12/13/2023	The risk of post-intubation croup is increased with {{c1::traumatic}} or {{c1::multiple}} intubations. …
Published	12/13/2023	What type of surgeries increase the risk for post-intubation croup?{{c1::Head and neck surgeries}} …
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Coughing}} and head repositioning increase the risk for post-intubation croup because it can c…
Published	12/13/2023	What genetic disorder increases the risk for post-intubation croup?{{c1::Trisomy 21 (Down)}} …
Published	12/13/2023	What is the mixture of racemic epinephrine used to treat post-intubation croup?{{c1::0.5 mL 2.25%…
Published	12/13/2023	How long should elective surgery be postponed in a pediatric patient with rhinorrhea?{{c1::No postponement for rhinorrhea alone}}
Published	12/13/2023	What airway device increases the risk of bronchospasm, especially in a child with a URI?{{c1::endotracheal tube}}
Published	12/13/2023	Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis causes hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis with early-onset {{c1::alkalotc}} urine
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