Notes in Cardiology

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Published	10/08/2024	Familial HypercholesterolaemiaMay present with below clinical manifestationsWhat are each of A-D
Published	10/08/2024	Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Heritability pattern?
Published	10/08/2024	Familial Hypercholesterolaemia How can you make a phenotypic diagnosis of FH without +ve genetics?
Published	10/08/2024	Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Besides family history, what are 3 ways high risk patients of having FH can be identified?
Published	10/08/2024	Familial Hypercholesterolaemia If you identify someone who is high risk of FH without family history, what is the next step in obtaining diagnosis?…
Published	10/08/2024	Familial HypercholesterolaemiaIf you identify someone who has a first- or second-degree family member, what if next step in obtaining diagnosis?
Published	10/08/2024	Familial Hypercholesterolaemia List three secondary causes of hypercholesterolaemia
Published	10/08/2024	Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Non-pharmacological management/advice - (3; including if pregnant or planning pregnancy)
Published	10/08/2024	Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Pharmacological management in children? (2)
Published	10/08/2024	Familial HypercholesterolaemiaPharmacological management in adults? (3; stepwise)
Published	10/08/2024	Familial Hypercholesterolaemia LDL targets for1: No ASCVD and no major ASCVD RFs: {{c1::<2.5}}2: Imaging evidence ASCVD alone OR ASCVD…
Published	10/08/2024	What are the LDL-C targets for those with Very high, high, moderate and low ASCVD risk?
Published	10/08/2024	What are the non-HDL-C targets for those with very high, high, moderate and low ASCVD risk?
Published	10/08/2024	What are the triglyeride targets for those with very high, high, moderate and low ASCVD risk?
Published	10/08/2024	What absolute LDL-C and cholesterol concentration qualify's a patient as 'high risk' of ASCVD?
Published	10/08/2024	What clinical features makes an individual 'very high' risk of ASCVD? 5/7
Published	11/06/2024	At what interval do you recheck lipid profile when commencing or changing rx for those with elevated lipids and risk of ASCVD?
Published	10/08/2024	What are the two first line statins for primary prevention in those with high and very high risk ASCVD?
Published	10/08/2024	Name 4/6 features of myalgiac pain that may suggest statin therapy is to blame
Published	10/08/2024	Dot develops bilateral aching proximal muscle pain 5 weeks after starting Atorvastatin 40mg for 'high risk' primary prevention of ASCVD. You check her…
Published	10/08/2024	Name 4 specific symptoms of heart failure
Published	10/08/2024	How is HFrEF defined?
Published	10/08/2024	Name 4 specific signs of heart failure
Published	10/08/2024	Name 4/8 aspects/principles of heart failure disease management... KFP style
Published	10/08/2024	What are the 4 core medication classes used in the treatment of HFrEF
Published	10/24/2024	When are ARNi + ARB combinations indicated in HFrEF?
Published	10/08/2024	What 4 beta blockers are indicated in HFrEF
Published	10/08/2024	What HFrEF patients benefit from ivabradine?
Published	10/08/2024	For patients with HFrEF who cannot tolerate a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor what combination therapy may be indicated?
Published	10/08/2024	SGLT2i with class II-III NHYA is indicated in HFpEF which 3 HFrEF meds may cause harm?
Published	10/08/2024	What sign is this? And which of your mates uses it as a party piece?
Published	10/08/2024	List 4/6 indications for ambulatory BP monitoring
Published	10/08/2024	What are the 4 major superficial veins of the lower limbs?
Published	10/08/2024	What are the 4 major deep distal veins of the lower limb? And what is the suggested treatment of a DVT in them?
Published	10/08/2024	For a patient on apixaban undergoing a procedure of low-moderate risk of bleeding what is the duration before and after surgery for holding the DOAC?&…
Published	10/08/2024	For a patient on apixaban undergoing a procedure of high risk of bleeding, what is the duration before and after surgery for holding the DOAC?
Published	10/08/2024	What is the guidance regarding stopping antiplatelets peri-procedurally?
Published	10/08/2024	What blood tests should be done before commencing anti-coagulation therapy for VTE treatment? 5/6
Published	10/08/2024	What are the 6 main deep upper limb veins
Published	10/08/2024	Name 3/5 common factors predicting recurrence of VTE
Published	10/08/2024	What is the suggested duration of treatment for a provimal DVT or PE caused by major surgery or trauma OR an unprovoked distal DVT?
Published	10/08/2024	What patients should be considered for extended therapy for VTE?What score can be used to predict risk of recurrence?What are the 3 options for extend…
Published	10/08/2024	What is the treatment of choice for VTE in pregnancy and breastfeeding?
Published	10/08/2024	What are the options for anti-anginal therapy in a patient with a HR > 60 and BP >120
Published	10/08/2024	What is the most common specifically treatable cause of hypertension?Briefly how do you adjust anti-hypertensive medications prior to investigating fo…
Published	10/08/2024	Who should be screened for primary aldosteronism? 4/8What test do you use to screen for it?
Published	10/08/2024	How should asymptomatic BP of >180/110 should be followed up? (in the non pregnant patient)
Published	10/08/2024	What are the initial management goals for symptomatic (+/- moderate non-acute end organ dysfunction) BP of >180/110 ? (in the non pregnant patient)
Published	10/08/2024	How is hypertensive emergency defined?
Published	10/08/2024	What 5 non-pharmalogical strategies aid in reducing blood pressure?
Published	10/08/2024	What are the three first line and 4/6 second line agents for BP control
Published	10/08/2024	Apart from myopathy, name 3/4 other adverse effects of statins
Published	10/08/2024	Apart from myopathy, name 3/4 other side effects of statins
Published	10/08/2024	Consider adding a _____ _______ if the LDL-C target is not achieved with the maximum tolerated dose of a statin and ezetimibe
Published	10/08/2024	Consider adding ________ to statin therapy if the LDL-C target concentration is not met after 6 weeks with the maximum tolerated dose of a statin…
Published	10/08/2024	In a patient with moderately (>4 mmol/L) or severely (>10 mmol/L) elevated triglycerides what two add on therapies can be considered?
Published	10/08/2024	Name 5/8 causes of secondary hyperlipidaemia
Published	10/08/2024	What diet is suggested for lifestyle modification in hypertension?
Published	10/27/2024	What 3 population groups are recommended to have their CVD Risk calculated?
Published	10/27/2024	What 2 risk factors automatically mean a patient is at HIGH risk of CVD?
Published	10/27/2024	List the parameters required for CVD risk calculation (there are 7 plus 2 optional)
Published	10/27/2024	Match CVD risk categories to their %
Published	10/27/2024	What reclassification factors result in a lower CVD risk category? (2)
Published	10/27/2024	What reclassification factors result in a higher CVD risk category? (5)
Published	10/27/2024	When might a CT coronary calcium be indicated?
Published	10/27/2024	When are lipid-lowering drugs indicated for primary prevention?
Published	10/27/2024	When are BP-lowering medications indicated for primary prevention?
Published	10/27/2024	What 5 non-pharmacological strategies would you recommend to someone with a high CVD risk?
Published	10/27/2024	What are the first, second and third line lipid-lowering medications?
Published	10/27/2024	How would you treat moderate hypertriglyceriaemia (>4) already on statin?
Published	10/08/2024	List 3 management principles for chronic digoxin accumulation
Published	10/08/2024	Risk factors for digoxin toxicity?
Published	10/08/2024	Digoxin toxicityCardiovascular effects? (include ECG findings) (3)
Published	10/27/2024	HTN - no improvement after commencing perindopril 3 months ago. What factors could be contributing to poor response?
Published	10/10/2024	First line prevention options for stable angina?
Published	10/10/2024	Beta blockers should not be used in conjuction with {{c1::verapamil::medication}} or {{c1::diltiazem::medication}} due to risk of severe&nbs…
Published	10/10/2024	First line drug therapy for prevention of stable angina with comorbid reduced EF?
Published	10/10/2024	second line therapy for prevention of stable angina in those who cannot tolerate beta blocker? which population group should this not b…
Published	10/10/2024	What agent can be added to a beta blocker for prevention of stable angina if angina persists?
Published	10/10/2024	Maximum continuous use of a long-acting nitrate patch for stable angina and why?
Published	10/10/2024	Management of a superficial femoral vein thrombus?
Published	10/10/2024	Blood to collect prior to starting anticoagulant therapy for DVT?
Published	10/10/2024	Management of a distal, lower limb DVT in high bleed risk person?(2)
Published	10/10/2024	How to initiate dabigatran for VTE treatment?
Published	10/10/2024	Duration of VTE treatment:Proximal DVT or PE; unprovoked or associated with transient (nonsurgical) RF)DVT OR PE associated with active cancer
Published	10/10/2024	Duration of VTE treatment:Proximal DVT or PE; caused by major surgery or trauma that is no longer present
Published	10/10/2024	Duration of VTE treatment:Distal DVT that was unprovoked
Published	10/10/2024	Duration of VTE treatment:Distal DVT caused by a transient provoking factor
Published	10/10/2024	Advice to patietn for prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome?
Published	10/10/2024	Treatment of PICC related DVT?
Published	10/10/2024	Treatmetn for catheter-related upper extremity venous thrombosis
Published	10/10/2024	Requirements for diagnosis of HFpEF? (3)
Published	10/10/2024	Decribe NYHA from Class I to IV
Published	10/10/2024	Patient with new diagnosis of HFrEFclinically euvolaemicDrugs to initiate within 2-4 weeks?
Published	10/10/2024	Patient with new diagnosis of HFrEFclinically euvolaemichas been commenced on ACEI, beta blocker and MRAHow and when should oyu uptitrate these?
Published	10/10/2024	How long after initiation of therapy for HFrEF should a repeat echo be ordered?
Published	10/10/2024	Patient with recent diagnosis of HFrEFclinically euvolaemichas been commenced on ACEI, beta blocker and MRA and uptitrated to max toelrated doses…
Published	10/10/2024	Mechanism of action of sacubitril[ARNI]/valsartan[ARB] (entresto)?
Published	10/10/2024	IvabradineWhen to add in a patient with heart failure? (include prerequisites)
Published	10/10/2024	Management of Acute pulmomary oedema?
Published	10/10/2024	List 5 precipitants of atrial fibrillation
Published	10/10/2024	Routine investigations for newly diagnosed AF? (5)
Published	10/10/2024	List three indications for referral to hospital with AF
Published	10/10/2024	Acute rate control for AF with RVR without systolic dysfunction or clincial heart failure (1st line- 2 options, 2nd line)
Published	10/10/2024	If someone has been in AF >48 hours how long must anticoagulation be used for prior to cardioversion?
Published	10/10/2024	Acute rate control for AF with RVR with systolic dysfunction or clincial heart failure (1st line, 2nd line)
Published	10/10/2024	long term rhythm control for AF without systolic dysfunction or moderate LV hypertrophy or CAD (1st line, 2nd line, 3rd line)
Published	10/10/2024	long term rhythm control for AF with LV systolic dysfunction or moderate LV hypertrophy or CAD (1st line, 2nd line, 3rd line)
Published	10/10/2024	First line agents for Rate control for AF if LVEF >40
Published	10/10/2024	Patient with AFLVEF >40Not tolerating beta blockerSubsequent options (all in pathway)
Published	10/10/2024	List the components of the ageless Chadsva (for AF only)
Published	10/10/2024	Apixaban indications for dose reduction in af?
Published	10/10/2024	Rivaroxabanindications for dose reduction in af? (2)
Published	10/10/2024	Dabigatranindications for dose reduction in af? (3)
Published	10/10/2024	Indications for warfarin use only in AF? (3)
Published	10/31/2024	Perioperative management of anticoagulants in AF for operations that are low bleed risk
Published	10/31/2024	Perioperative management of anticoagulants in AF for operations that are high bleed risk
Published	10/10/2024	Perioperative management of aspirin?
Published	10/10/2024	Perioperative management of clopidogrel, ticag or other p2y13 receptor blockers?
Published	10/10/2024	Central chest pain, shortness of breath and palpitationsCXR ShownWhat feature(1) and diagnosis (1)
Published	10/10/2024	Most common cause of pericardial effusion?If suspected on based on CXR - next best test?
Published	10/10/2024	List 5 causes of pericarditis
Published	10/10/2024	Vasculopath with sudden shart pain in central chestCXR finding and likely diagnosis?
Published	10/27/2024	Metabolic syndrome - criteria for diagnosis
Published	10/12/2024	What is shown on CXR?shortness of breath and chest pain
Published	10/12/2024	What is shown on CXR?
Published	10/12/2024	list three physical examination findings of HOCM
Published	10/12/2024	Exertional syncope in young fit maleECG shownRelevant findings and likely diagnosis?
Published	10/12/2024	List 5 causes of secondary hypertension
Published	10/12/2024	Statin therapy causes derangment of which LFT in 2 % patients?How frequently to monitor?
Published	10/12/2024	You suspect primary hyperaldosteronismPatient is already on a few antihypertensives...list the medication classes (7!) that you cannot use in the&nbsp…
Published	10/12/2024	Which agent for treating nicotine dependence can you not give to someone who is undergoing an acute alcohol detox and why?
Published	10/12/2024	When is an ACE-I preferred over sacubitril/valsartan initial therapy for patients with HFrEF?
Published	10/26/2024	Definition of pathological q wave (4)
Published	10/26/2024	66M with CP+ve findings adn diagnosis
Published	10/27/2024	20 F with chest painECG findings (2) and diagnosis
Published	10/26/2024	78 with syncopal episodesWhat ECG finding is shown (1) and diagnosis (1)
Published	10/26/2024	Acute bradyarrhythmiasCauses? (4/5)
Published	10/26/2024	Management for acute bradyarrhythemia due to:- sinus node dysfunction OR- block at the level of the AV node
Published	10/26/2024	24F with palpitations lasting 5-20 minsECG findings (2)
Published	10/26/2024	78M asymptoamtic for routine health assessmentEx smoker- positive ECG findings (2)- Diagnosis?
Published	11/03/2024	List 3 Causes of LBBB on ECG
Published	10/26/2024	32 F with sudden onset palpitatationsDiagnosis and next step in Mx?
Published	10/26/2024	What is shown?
Published	10/26/2024	Clinical significance of PVCs?
Published	10/26/2024	What is shown?
Published	10/26/2024	ECG findings and diagnosis
Published	10/29/2024	Causes of frequent or symptomatic PVCs?(drug -2, lifestyle 2-, electrolyte -2, pathology-2)
Published	10/26/2024	Management of patient with <10% PVCs, no structural heart diease and no symptoms?
Published	10/26/2024	First line therapy for patients with symptomatic PVCs?
Published	10/26/2024	What is shown?
Published	10/26/2024	What is shown?
Published	10/26/2024	What is shown?
Published	10/26/2024	What is shown?Next step in Mx?
Published	10/26/2024	What is shown?
Published	10/26/2024	42F with palpitations and lightheadednessvalsalva manouvre unsuccessful carotid sinus ineffective Next step?
Published	11/04/2024	Contraindications for adenosine in SVT?
Published	10/26/2024	Acute management of paroxysmal SVT unable to use adenosineoptions (2)
Published	10/26/2024	Prophylaxis for SVT? (3 options)
Published	10/26/2024	What is shown?
Published	10/26/2024	Management of haemodynamically unstable patients with sustained VT?
Published	10/26/2024	Management of haemodynamically stable patients with sustained VT? (1st, 2nd)
Published	10/26/2024	What are the ECG findings here of LVH? (3)be specific
Published	10/26/2024	Sokolov-lyon / voltage criteria for LVH?
Published	10/26/2024	Causes of complete heart block?(pathology, drugs (3), other)
Published	10/26/2024	A geezer on ACE + Spironolactoneno chest paindiagnosis?
Published	10/31/2024	What ECG changes are shown and likely diagnosis?
Published	10/26/2024	Widespread ST changes in precordial leadsWhat is shown and diagnosis?
Published	10/26/2024	List 4 ECG STEMI Criteria
Published	10/26/2024	List the 4 types of ECG changes in acute coronary syndrome?
Published	10/26/2024	List 3 ECG changes and the diagnosis
Published	10/26/2024	Findings and diagnosis?
Published	10/26/2024	Paediatric ECGNormal or abnormal?
Published	10/26/2024	Laminectomy bleeding risk? (high/low)
Published	10/26/2024	polypectomy bleeding risk? (high/low)
Published	10/26/2024	endoscopy +/- biopsy bleeding risk? (high/low)
Published	10/26/2024	Pacemaker insertion bleeding risk? (high/low)
Published	10/27/2024	Diagnose HOCM KFP answer for next three steps of management (non-pharmacological)
Published	10/27/2024	What are two adjunctive pharmacological therapies that can be considered in addition to clindamycin for treatment of pitted keratolysis?
Published	10/28/2024	Mobitz 1 AV block (wenckebach) - asymptomaticManagement?
Published	11/02/2024	second degree: Mobitz 2 AV block (Hay) - asymptomaticManagement?
Published	10/28/2024	3rd degree AV blockManagement?
Published	10/28/2024	First degree heart blockManagement?
Published	10/28/2024	Sympatomatic palpitationsDiagnosis?
Published	10/28/2024	Diagnostic clue on ECG for posterior MI in someone with ischaemic symptoms?
Published	10/28/2024	History features for congenital long QT syndrome?(2)
Published	10/28/2024	young person exercised induced syncopeECG findings and diagnosis?
Published	10/28/2024	20% of patients with an inferior STEMI will develop what complication?
Published	11/10/2024	Secondary HTNWhat 5 characteristics would make you suspicious?
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