Notes in Chapter_11:_Oncology

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Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Poorly::highly or poorly}} vascularized tumors are {{c1::less::more or less}} sensitive to radiation
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Highly::highly or poorly}} vascularized tumors are {{c1::more::more or less}} sensitive to radiation
Published	07/07/2024	Cancer is the #{{c1::2}} cause of death in the United States
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cancer in women is {{c1::breast}} cancer
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of cancer death in women is {{c1::lung}} cancer
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cancer in men is {{c1::prostate}} cancer
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of cancer death in men is {{c1::lung}} cancer
Published	07/07/2024	The most important prognostic indicator for lung and breast cancer (without metastasis) is {{c1::nodal status}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most important prognostic indicator for sarcoma (without metastasis) is {{c1::tumor grade}}
Published	07/07/2024	PET (positron emission tomography) scans use {{c1::fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)}} molecules to identify metastases
Published	07/07/2024	Inflammatory diseases can cause a false {{c1::positive}} PET scan
Published	07/07/2024	Slow growing tumors can cause a false {{c1::negative}} PET scan
Published	07/07/2024	The accuracy of PET scans is {{c1::low}} in the head (high or low)
Published	07/07/2024	PET scans may not work well in patients with diabetes or hyper-{{c1::insulinemia}}
Published	07/07/2024	Do cytotoxic T cells require MHC presentation to attack tumor cells?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	07/07/2024	Do natural killer cells require MHC presentation to attack tumor cells?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	An increase in the number of cells is known as {{c1::hyper}}-plasia
Published	07/07/2024	A replacement of one cell type to another is known as {{c1::meta}}-plasia
Published	07/07/2024	An alteration of cell size, shape, and organization is known as {{c1::dys}}-plasia
Published	07/07/2024	Core needle biopsies reveal {{c1::architecture}}(architecture or cell cytology)
Published	07/07/2024	Fine-needle aspirations reveal {{c1::cell cytology}}(architecture or cell cytology)
Published	07/07/2024	The tumor marker for colon cancer is {{c1::CEA}}
Published	07/07/2024	The tumor marker for liver cancer is {{c1::AFP}}
Published	07/07/2024	The tumor marker for pancreatic cancer is {{c1::CA 19-9}}
Published	07/07/2024	The tumor marker for ovarian cancer is {{c1::CA 125}}
Published	07/07/2024	The tumor marker for testicular cancer is {{c1::beta-hCG}}
Published	07/07/2024	The tumor marker for choriocarcinoma is {{c1::beta-hCG}}
Published	07/07/2024	The tumor marker for prostate cancer is {{c1::PSA}}
Published	07/07/2024	PSA is the tumor marker for prostate cancer with the highest {{c1::sensitivity}}
Published	07/07/2024	The tumor marker for small cell lung cancer is {{c1::NSE}}
Published	07/07/2024	The tumor marker for neuroblastoma is {{c1::NSE}}
Published	07/07/2024	The tumor marker for carcinoid tumor is {{c1::chromogranin A}}
Published	07/07/2024	The tumor oncogene for medullary thyroid cancer is the {{c1::RET oncogene}}
Published	07/07/2024	The half-life of CEA is {{c1::5}} days
Published	07/07/2024	The half-life of PSA is {{c1::3}} days
Published	07/07/2024	The half-life of AFP is {{c1::5}} days
Published	07/07/2024	Oncogenesis requires:1) A(n) {{c1::heritable}} alteration in genome2) Loss of growth {{c2::regulation}}
Published	07/07/2024	The time between exposure and formation of a clinically detectable tumor is called the {{c1::latency}} period
Published	07/07/2024	Neoplasms can arise from carcinogenesis, viruses, or {{c1::immunodeficiency}}
Published	07/07/2024	Cervical cancer is a malignancy associated with the infectious agent {{c1::HPV}}
Published	07/07/2024	Gastric cancer is a malignancy associated with the infectious agent {{c1::Helicobacter pylori}}
Published	07/07/2024	Hepatocellular cancer is a malignancy associated with the infectious agents {{c1::HBV}} and {{c1::HCV}}
Published	07/07/2024	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a malignancy associated with the infectious agent {{c1::EBV}}
Published	07/07/2024	Burkitt's lymphoma is a malignancy associated with the infectious agent {{c1::EBV}}
Published	07/07/2024	Various lymphomas are associated with the infectious agent {{c1::HIV}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most vulnerable stage of the cell cycle for radiation therapy (XRT) is the {{c1::M}} phase
Published	07/07/2024	The damage done to cells in XRT is via the formation of {{c1::oxygen radicals}} that damages {{c2::DNA}}
Published	07/07/2024	There is a skin-preserving effect for {{c1::higher}}-energy radiation(higher or lower)
Published	07/07/2024	XRT is given in fractionate doses to allow for re-{{c1::pair}} of normal cells, re-{{c1::oxygenation}} of tumor, and re-{{c1::distribution}} of t…
Published	07/07/2024	Tumors that are very radiosensitive tend to have a {{c1::high}} mitotic rate(high or low)
Published	07/07/2024	Tumors that are very radioresistant tend to have a {{c1::low}} mitotic rate(high or low)
Published	07/07/2024	Large tumors tend to be less responsive to XRT due to lack of {{c1::oxygen}} in the tumor
Published	07/07/2024	Placing a source of radiation in or next to a tumor is known as {{c1::brachytherapy}}
Published	07/07/2024	A treatment for brain tumors that uses gamma radiation from multiple sources of cobalt-60 is known as {{c1::gamma knife}}
Published	07/07/2024	Cell cycle-{{c1::specific}} agents exhibit a plateau in cell-killing ability(specific or nonspecific)
Published	07/07/2024	Cell cycle-{{c1::nonspecific}} agents exhibit a linear response in cell-killing ability(specific or nonspecific)
Published	07/07/2024	Tamoxifen has a {{c1::1}}% risk of blood clots and a {{c2::0.1}}% risk of endometrial cancer
Published	07/07/2024	Bleomycin and busulfan are chemotherapy agents known to cause pulmonary {{c1::fibrosis}} as a side effect
Published	07/07/2024	The platinum alkylating agent that is known for causing myelosuppression is {{c1::carboplatin}}
Published	07/07/2024	The vinca alkaloid that is known for causing myelosuppression is {{c1::vinblastine}}
Published	07/07/2024	The vinca alkaloid that is known for causing neuropathy is {{c1::vincristine}}
Published	07/07/2024	The active metabolite for cyclophosphamide is {{c1::acrolein}}
Published	07/07/2024	Hemorrhagic cystitis caused by cyclophosphamide can be managed with {{c1::mesna}}
Published	07/07/2024	An antihelminthic drug that is thought to stimulate the immune system against cancer is {{c1::levamisole}}
Published	07/07/2024	The chemotherapy agent that inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase is {{c1::methotrexate}}
Published	07/07/2024	The effects of methotrexate can be reversed via administration of {{c1::leucovorin}}
Published	07/07/2024	The chemotherapy agent that inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthetase is {{c1::5-fluorouracil (5-FU)}}
Published	07/07/2024	The effects of 5-fluorouracil can be potentiated via administration of {{c1::leucovorin}}
Published	07/07/2024	The heart toxicity secondary to doxorubicin administration is seen with doses greater than {{c1::500}} mg/m2
Published	07/07/2024	Chemotherapy agents with the least myelosuppression are {{c1::bleomycin}}, {{c1::busulfan}}, {{c2::cisplatin}}, and {{c2::vincristine}}
Published	07/07/2024	Acute febrile neutropenic dermatitis is a side effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor that is also known as {{c1::Sweet's}} syndrome
Published	07/07/2024	Prophylactic removal of a healthy organ to prevent cancer development is done in patients with {{c1::BRCA 1/2}} and {{c2::RET}} gene mutations
Published	07/07/2024	The retinoblastoma (Rb1) gene is on chromosome {{c1::13}} and is involved in cell cycle regulation
Published	07/07/2024	The p53 gene is on chromosome {{c1::17}} and is involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis
Published	07/07/2024	The APC gene is on chromosome {{c1::5}} and is involved in cell cycle regulation and movement
Published	07/07/2024	The DCC gene is on chromosome {{c1::18}} and is involved in cell cycle adhesion
Published	07/07/2024	An inherited defect in the p53 gene is known as {{c1::Li-Fraumeni}} syndrome
Published	07/07/2024	The gene believed to be initially mutated in colon cancer is {{c1::APC}}
Published	07/07/2024	Does colon cancer typically metastasize to bone?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	The carcinogen beta-naphthylamine is associated with {{c1::urinary tract cancer}}
Published	07/07/2024	The carcinogen benzene is associated with {{c1::leukemia}}
Published	07/07/2024	The carcinogen asbestos is associated with {{c1::mesothelioma}}
Published	07/07/2024	The supraclavicular lymph nodes on the left side are called {{c1::Virchow's}} nodes
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of isolated axillary node lymphadenopathy is {{c1::lymphoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	A node that can be present at the periumbilical region from pancreatic cancer is known as {{c1::Sister Mary Joseph's}} node
Published	07/07/2024	Ovarian cancer metastasis from the stomach is known as {{c1::Krukenberg}} tumor
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of bone metastases is {{c1::breast cancer}}
Published	07/07/2024	Skin metastases are typically from {{c1::breast cancer}} or {{c2::melanoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of small bowel metastases is {{c1::melanoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	Testing a new drug for safety, dosing, and side effects is clinical trial phase {{c1::1}}
Published	07/07/2024	Testing a new drug for its efficacy is clinical trial phase {{c1::2}}
Published	07/07/2024	Comparing a new drug against an existing therapy is clinical trial phase {{c1::3}}
Published	07/07/2024	Implementing and marketing a new drug is clinical trial phase {{c1::4}}
Published	07/07/2024	The first therapeutic measure taken to treat a disease like cancer is known as {{c1::induction}} therapy
Published	07/07/2024	The administration of an agent before another main treatment like surgery is known as {{c1::neoadjuvant (primary)}} therapy
Published	07/07/2024	The administration of an agent after another main treatment like surgery is known as {{c1::adjuvant}} therapy
Published	07/07/2024	A therapeutic method used for tumors that failed to respond to initial chemotherapy is {{c1::salvage}} therapy
Published	07/07/2024	The metastatic cancer that is most successfully cured with surgery is {{c1::seminoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	Surgical debulking improves chemotherapy for {{c1::ovarian cancer}} tumors
Published	07/07/2024	Chemotherapy alone can cure the solid tumors from {{c1::Hodgkin's}} and {{c1::non-Hodgkin's}} lymphoma
Status	Last Update	Fields