Notes in Fish Medicine

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Published	09/22/2023	What is the group for bony fish and what other groups does it contain?  What is the group of cartilagenous fish called? What groups does it conta…
Published	09/22/2023	Which two fish are exceptions for where the coelom is located?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the lateral line and what is it used for?
Published	09/22/2023	What causes bacterial luminescince in fish?
Published	09/22/2023	Which species of fish have acellular bone?
Published	09/22/2023	What is different about fish bones than mammals?
Published	09/22/2023	What disease process is shown in this photo?
Published	09/22/2023	What are the two types of skeletal muscle in fish? What are they used for? Which one predominates
Published	09/22/2023	Pink and yellow muscle are seen in what fish? What causes this?
Published	09/22/2023	Regional endothermy is seen in what fish species? How is it done?
Published	09/22/2023	The swim bladder is absent in what groups?
Published	09/22/2023	What are the two types of swim bladders?
Published	09/22/2023	What does this image show?
Published	09/22/2023	What fish are physostomous?
Published	09/22/2023	What groups are physoclists?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the most common shape of the gas bladder in fish?
Published	09/22/2023	Which species have 2 lobes of the swim bladder? Which have three
Published	09/22/2023	Where is the most common lipid deposition in fish?
Published	09/22/2023	What are otoliths, and what are they used for>
Published	09/22/2023	What is outlined within this radiograph of a red-drum?
Published	09/22/2023	Where are taste buds found on fish?
Published	09/22/2023	In bony fish a mass along the gill arches is common with what condition?
Published	09/22/2023	What fish species are agastric?
Published	09/22/2023	Diverticula off the stomach are called? What species are they present in?
Published	09/22/2023	Which fish does not have a gallbladder?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the structure outlined in this photo?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the purpose of the pseudobranch?
Published	09/22/2023	Which species are obligate air-breathers? Where is their site of gas exchange?
Published	09/22/2023	Describe the chambers of the fish heart? Describe the flow of blood
Published	09/22/2023	What is different about the fish lymphatic system?
Published	09/22/2023	Since fish lack lymph nodes, peyers patches and bone marrow where does the hematopoiesis occur? What about lymphoid activity?
Published	09/22/2023	Where is the thymus in fish?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the purpose of corpuscles of stannius?
Published	09/22/2023	What are ultimobrachial bodies?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the difference between cranial and caudal kidney in fish?
Published	09/22/2023	How do marine teleosts deal with osmoregulation?
Published	09/22/2023	Fish that move saltwater to freswater to spawn are called? Freshwater to saltwater?
Published	09/22/2023	What is different about elasmobranch scales?
Published	09/22/2023	Is there any bone present in elasmobranchs?
Published	09/22/2023	What is used for buoyancy in cartilagenous fish?
Published	09/22/2023	What structure is outlined in this photo?
Published	09/22/2023	What are two GI structures present in elasmobranch GI?
Published	09/22/2023	How many gill arches are common in teleosts? How many in elasmobranchs?
Published	09/22/2023	What are two different respiratory strategies in elasmobranchs?
Published	09/22/2023	Describe the anatomic structures of the elasmobranch heart
Published	09/22/2023	What is the difference in ECG waves in elasmobranchs compared to other vertebrates?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the purpose of the interrenal gland in elasmobranchs?
Published	09/22/2023	What are the male sex glands in elasmobranchs
Published	09/22/2023	Describe the female reproductive anatomy in elasmobranchs?
Published	09/22/2023	Explain the transfer of nutrients to developing young in stingrays?
Published	09/22/2023	Which group are eels? Piranha? carp? arapaima? catfish? seahorses? cownose rays
Published	09/22/2023	What is the target DO?
Published	09/22/2023	What are common causes of low DO?
Published	09/22/2023	What time of day is DO generally lowest?
Published	09/22/2023	The total gas pressure is dependent on what other factors?
Published	09/22/2023	How is gas pressure measured?
Published	09/22/2023	What causes elevated total gas pressures?
Published	09/22/2023	Ammonia and heavy metals generally shift to more toxic forms in warm or cold water?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the downfall of bromides in salt mixes?
Published	09/22/2023	How do you test for salinity?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the normal salinity of natural seawater?
Published	09/22/2023	Describe the nitrogen cycle in a fish tank
Published	09/22/2023	What are the two forms of ammonia? In what conditions does it form more of the toxic form?
Published	09/22/2023	What bacteria are the ammonia oxidizing bacteria?
Published	09/22/2023	What are the nitrite oxidizing bacteria?
Published	09/22/2023	How is nitrate removed from water system?
Published	09/22/2023	What are the normal values for ammonia, nitrite and nitrate?
Published	09/22/2023	Which generally has a higher target pH, fresh or saltwater?
Published	09/22/2023	What does alkalinity measure?
Published	09/22/2023	Where are chlorines and chloramines from? Are they toxic
Published	09/22/2023	What are total and free chlorine combinations of?
Published	09/22/2023	What is used to manage elevated chlorines?
Published	09/22/2023	What forms does iodine exist in water? Which forms are bioavailable
Published	09/22/2023	Toxicity from heavy metals is most likely with what other changes?
Published	09/22/2023	What are the problems associated with usage of total colliforms or bacterial indicators in fish systems?
Published	09/22/2023	What are some considerations if using source water?
Published	09/22/2023	What are common components in the life support system for gas exchange?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the turnover rate of most living systems?
Published	09/22/2023	What is meant by backflush through a sand filter?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the purpose of a foam fractionator, how does it work? What does it remove?
Published	09/22/2023	What does granular carbon remove?
Published	09/22/2023	What is used to start the nitrogen cycle within a tank?
Published	09/22/2023	How do denitrification filters work?
Published	09/22/2023	What UV light range irradiates pathogens and proteinaceous material?
Published	09/22/2023	What factors determine kill rates of UV sterilization?
Published	09/22/2023	What four things are required for ozone disinfection?
Published	09/22/2023	How is ozone created?
Published	09/22/2023	What are the residual oxidants produced in seawater?
Published	09/22/2023	List some ways to decrease residuals from ozone sterilization?
Published	09/22/2023	Where should heat exchangers be placed in the LSS?
Published	09/22/2023	What is different in life support systms for coral reefs vs fish?
Published	09/22/2023	Which species of fish have spiral valves?
Published	09/22/2023	What temperature should frozen foods be stored at?  For what purpose
Published	09/22/2023	What ultrasonographic appearance is seen with a well-conditioned stingray?
Published	09/22/2023	List some common venomous fish?
Published	09/22/2023	List common zoonotic diseases from fish or water contact?
Published	09/22/2023	List some of the most common infectious diseases of koi and goldfish (Cyprinidae)
Published	09/22/2023	List some of the common infectious diseases of salmonids?
Published	09/22/2023	List some of the common infectious disease of Ictalurids?
Published	09/22/2023	What are some common infectious diseases of tropical marine teleosts?
Published	09/22/2023	What are some common diseases of Sygnathids?
Published	09/22/2023	What is present in this image?
Published	09/22/2023	Which ectoparasites are commonly diagnosed by skin scarpes?
Published	09/22/2023	Compared to mammals do intestinal tracts of teleosts have more or less bacteria present?
Published	09/22/2023
Published	09/22/2023	Does Mycobacterium stain with Gram stain, Romanowsky?
Published	09/22/2023	What are pictured on the left in a serosal scraping from the liver of a cownose ray?
Published	09/22/2023	What pathogens in fish stain positive with acid fast stains?
Published	09/22/2023	The left is diff-quick, right is acid-fast? What does this image show?
Published	09/22/2023	What are the recommended leukocyte quantifications in bony fish and elasmobranchs?
Published	09/22/2023	Which fish species have heterophils? Why are they called heterophils?
Published	09/22/2023	What is different about sharks compared to skates and rays regarding neutrophils?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the descriptive terminology for elasmobranch leukocytes?
Published	09/22/2023	What effect does MS-222 have on biochemistry?
Published	09/22/2023	What is different about the plasma osmolality of marine teleosts and elasmobranchs?
Published	09/22/2023	Increases in urea are associated with what in teleosts? Elasmobranchs?
Published	09/22/2023	Why is total solids not a good predictor of total protein in elasmobranchs?
Published	09/22/2023	What are the OIE listed fish diseases?
Published	09/22/2023	Where is the valvular or spiral intestine located?
Published	09/22/2023	What are some common causes of vertebral fractures, spinal curvature, fusion or compression of vertebrae? What species are spinal deformities most com…
Published	09/22/2023	What abnormality occurs in male sygnathids when not mixed with females? What is the treatment?
Published	09/22/2023	Which group of fish should be sedated, then euthanized with pentobarbital?
Published	09/22/2023	Label the chambers. What fish group?
Published	09/22/2023	What are some possible causes of granulomatous inflammation in fish?
Published	09/22/2023	List the acid-fast positive organisms in fish.
Published	09/22/2023	What das gomeort methenamine silver (GMS) stain hilight?
Published	09/22/2023	What does lactophenol stain highlight and what color?
Published	09/22/2023	What does Prussian blue stain highlight?
Published	09/22/2023	What does Congo red stain highlight?
Published	09/22/2023	What does toluidine blue stain highlight?
Published	09/22/2023	What does Macchiavello or Gimenez stain highlight?
Published	09/22/2023	What is needed to consider fat deposition hepatic lipidosis in teleosts?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the most common histopathologic change in the kidneys?
Published	09/22/2023	Where are the hematopoietic cells in elasmobranchs?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the general rule for MS-222 dose, which groups need highest concentrations?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the human safety risk of MS-222?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the withdrawal time for MS-222 in specific teleost families?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the active ingredients of clove oil?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the method of action of alfaxalone?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the mechanism of action of metomidate? What does it do in fish? What is one side effect?
Published	09/22/2023	What opioid receptors are present in fish brains?
Published	09/22/2023	Which opioids appear to reduce response to noxious stimuli in fish?
Published	09/22/2023	What effect do NSAID's have in fish?
Published	09/22/2023	What suture materials were preferred in koi? Sturgeon and salmon? Which should not be used, and why?
Published	09/22/2023	Why is tissue glue not recommended in fish>
Published	09/22/2023	Which antibiotics are approved for fish in the USA, for what bacteria and fish species?
Published	09/22/2023	What are the withdrawal times for oxytetracycline, sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim, and florfenicol in USA?
Published	09/22/2023	What is copper treatment used to kill?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the withdrawal time after formalin treatment
Published	09/22/2023	At what conditions is formalin more toxic
Published	09/22/2023	Why is malachite green not used?
Published	09/22/2023	Under what legislation are drugs, vaccines, pesticides and water discharge under in the USA?
Published	09/22/2023	What ways are used to remove medicated water?
Published	09/22/2023	What effects does formalin have on water quality?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the mode of action of trichlorfon or Metrifonate?
Published	09/22/2023	What effect does praziquantel have on water quality?
Published	09/22/2023	What are common presentations of barotrauma in fish
Published	09/22/2023	What are some fish species protected by CITES?
Published	09/22/2023	What are the most common differentials for acute mortalities in a group of fish?
Published	09/22/2023	What are three fish rhabdoviruses associated with acute mortalities?
Published	09/22/2023	List multiple causes of decreased DO?
Published	09/22/2023	Which species are sensitive to low DO?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the most common gas in cases of gas bubble disease?
Published	09/22/2023	What are potential causes of gas supersaturation?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the common sequeleae to intraocular gas due to supersaturation?
Published	09/22/2023	What may cause gas emboli on gill biopsies?
Published	09/22/2023	What treatment can be used for gas bubble disease? What is its method of action?
Published	09/22/2023	What is Boyle's law and how does it relate to barotrauma in fish?
Published	09/22/2023	Which groups of fish are more susceptible to barotrauma?
Published	09/22/2023	What effect does percutaneous aspiration of air from swim bladder have on fish with barotrauma?
Published	09/22/2023	Which pH change is more common? What are the physiologic effects of low pH and high pH?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the treatment for low pH? What order?
Published	09/22/2023	How do you treat high pH?
Published	09/22/2023	What are the most common signs with ammonia toxicity in fish?
Published	09/22/2023	How to you determine the unionized ammonia level?
Published	09/22/2023	What can be added to a freshwater tank to adsorb ammonia?
Published	09/22/2023	Nitrate toxicity is observed most commonly in what systems?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the treatment for increased nitrates?
Published	09/22/2023	Where do chlorines and chloramines come into tanks from?
Published	09/22/2023	What removes chlorines and chloramines?
Published	09/22/2023	What species have the lowest tolerance for copper ions?
Published	09/22/2023	What should be added prior to copper sulfate treatment?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the cause of hydrogen sulfide buildup and toxicity?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the most common cause of organophosphate or carbamate toxicity?
Published	09/22/2023	What group of fish is most susceptible to exertional myopathy?
Published	09/22/2023	What are some of the potential causes of lateral line disease in fish?
Published	09/22/2023	What are some common treatments for lateral line disease in fish?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the cause of goiter in fish?
Published	09/22/2023	What is shown in this photo?
Published	09/22/2023	What should be measured if thyroid hyperplasia observed?
Published	09/22/2023	What does thyroid colloid stain positively with?
Published	09/22/2023	What is the cause of mucometra and ovarian cysts in female rays (Mylobatiformes)
Published	09/22/2023	What groups of fish are most susceptible to egg binding?
Published	09/22/2023	What are common treatments to induce spawning in bony fish?
Published	09/22/2023	What species are dystocias most common?
Published	09/22/2023	Lipid keratopathy is found most commonly in what species?
Published	09/22/2023	What is shown in this photo
Published	09/22/2023	Which is more common in fish, benign or malignant tumors?
Published	09/22/2023	What are some species predispositions to tumors in fish, what species and tumor?
Published	09/22/2023	What are the three most common viral families in fish?
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