Notes in Biology

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Published	09/21/2024	Explain the need for structures of larger organisms to maintain a large enough surface area for gas exchange. {{c1::The larger the organism is, t…
Published	09/21/2024	Define Gas Exchange. {{c1::The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and bloodstream (via passive diffusion)}}
Published	09/21/2024	State the role of diffusion in gas exchange. {{c1::Diffusion enables the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveroli and the blood…
Published	09/21/2024	Outline the factors that affect gas exchange. {{c1::Thin tissue layer - keeps diffusion distances short Permeability -allows respitory gases…
Published	09/21/2024	What may happen if concentration gradients are not maintained at exchange surfaces?{{c1:: Gas exchange may not happen porperly, as there would be an e…
Published	09/21/2024	Why must there be continuous blood flow? {{c1::Otherwise, due to the concentration gradient, gas exchange will fail.}}
Published	09/21/2024	Where is the location of gas exchange in humans? {{c1::The alveoli of the lung.}}
Published	09/21/2024	Outline the structure of an alveolus. {{c1::The alveolus is made up of pneumocytes: Type 1 pneumocytes are thin cells that line up the alvelous;T…
Published	09/21/2024	Identify the structure of the airway that connects the lungs to the outside of the body.{{c1:: Trachea}}
Published	09/21/2024	Define ventilation, inspiration and expiration. {{c1:: Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs to supply oxygen to the body …
Published	09/21/2024	What is the relationship between gas pressure and volume?{{c1::An inversely proportional relationship.}}
Published	09/21/2024	Outline the direction of movement of the diaphragm and thorax during inspiration and expiration, thus the pressure and volume changes.{{c1:: During in…
Published	09/21/2024	What is the method of measuring lung volume?{{c1::Spirometry}}
Published	09/21/2024	Define tidal volume, vital capacity, and inspiratory and expiratory reserve.{{c1:: Tidal volume is the volume of air we normally breathe. Inspito…
Published	09/21/2024	State the direction of movement of gasses exchanged in leaves.{{c1::Gasses exit leaves via the open stomata.}}
Published	09/21/2024	Define transpiration.{{c1:: Transpiration is the evaporation/loss of water through open stomata.}}
Published	09/21/2024	What factors affect transpiration rate, how and why? {{c1:: Humidity - High humidity will decrease the rate as it lessens the concentration gradi…
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Published	09/21/2024	Describe how the structures of capillaries are adapted to capillary function. {{c1::The capillaries: Have small lumen diameter Are thin-wall…
Published	09/21/2024	Compare the artery and the vein. {{c1::Arteries and vein both carry blood around our body. However, arteries carry blood away from the heart, whe…
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Published	09/21/2024	Describe the adaptations of the artery walls, in relations to its function. {{c1::The artery walls have muscle layers and elastic tissue, which i…
Published	09/21/2024	Describe the adaptations of the vein walls, in relation to their function.{{c1::Veins have to fight against gravity; it has to ensure that no blood fl…
Published	09/21/2024	What is occlusion?{{c1::Occulsion is when the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply blood to the cardiac muscles, block up. This will lead …
Published	09/21/2024	Explain how water transports in a plant. {{c1::Water transportation in a plant is a passive process, done via negative pressure and cohesion. Tra…
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Published	09/21/2024	What adaptations do the xylem vessels have? {{c1::Xylems have Lignin, which provides structure to prevent collapse. It also has pits facilitates …
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Published	09/21/2024	Compare xylem and phloem. {{c1::Xylem and phloem both transfers necessary materials for plants. Xylem, which is composed of dead cells, transport…
Published	09/21/2024	Describe the dicotyledonous stem structure.{{c1::The stem is composed of the epidermis, cortex, xylem, phloem and vascular bundle. The epidermis, bein…
Published	09/21/2024	Compare discrete and continuous variation. {{c1::Discrete variation is variation that can be put into distinct categories, whereas continuous var…
Published	09/21/2024	Define taxonomy, and list all the taxa. {{c1::Taxonomy is the science and skill of categorizing life. The taxa are from biggest to smallest: Doma…
Published	09/21/2024	List the means of classification. {{c1::Feeding habits HabitatMovement Daily activity Risk Anatomy}}
Published	09/21/2024	What did Linnaeus base classification on?{{c1::The physical traits of species; morphological classification.}}
Published	09/21/2024	What is the Binomial Nomenclature?{{c1::The system of naming organisms using two names.}}
Published	09/21/2024	State the four rules of binomial nomenclature formatting.{{c1:: The first name is capitalized and signifies the Genus. The second name is not cap…
Published	09/21/2024	Outline the three objectives of the binomial nomenclature {{c1::Unique name: No two species can share the same name Universally understood: …
Published	09/21/2024	Define species according to the biological species concept.{{c1::Species are individuals which are able to interbreed and have fertile offspring.}}
Published	09/21/2024	Outline the limits of the biological species concept. {{c1::Fails to classify asexually reproducing organisms Fails to classify extinct organisms…
Published	09/21/2024	Define speciation.{{c1::Speciation is the process by which a population is separated into two groupds that can no longer reproduce together to have fe…
Published	09/21/2024	Why is the number of chromosomes in a diploid cell typically an even number? {{c1::Diploid cells have chromosomes organized into homologous pairs…
Published	09/21/2024	State the number of chromosomes in humans and in chimpanzees. {{c1::Humans have 2x23 = 46 chromosomes, whereas chimpanzees have 2x24 = 48 chromo…
Published	09/21/2024	Do some species have the same number of chromosomes? {{c1::No, chromosome number is a distinguishing characteristic of a species.}}
Published	09/21/2024	Evaluate the evidence that the human chromosome 2 came from the chromosomes 12 and 13 of the chimpanzees. {{c1::The two acrocentric chromosomes, …
Published	09/21/2024	Define Karyotypes and Karyograms.{{c1::Karyotype: The specific number and appearance of one's chromosomes in cells Kartogram: The representation of th…
Published	09/21/2024	Compare autosome and sex chromosome. {{c1::Sex chromosomes determine the organism's sex; XY or XX. Autosomes are the rest of the chromosomes…
Published	09/21/2024	Outline the karyogram procedure. {{c1::Cells are stained and placed on glass slides to be observed via a light microscope.A photomicrogrpah image…
Published	09/21/2024	Define genome, gene and allele.{{c1::Genome: The entire sum of an organism's genetic informationGene: A heritable factor that consists of a length of …
Published	09/21/2024	What is the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) and what are its effects? {{c1::The SNP is the variation of the base pairs of the DNA involving …
Published	09/21/2024	Compare variation in genomes sizes and gene sequences within and between species. {{c1::Where the genome sizes do not vary within a species, it does…
Published	09/21/2024	Why do scientists use the Mitochondrial DNA to compare genetic diversity, instead of Chromosomal DNA?{{c1::The mitochondrial DNA is only present in th…
Published	09/21/2024	Define genome sequencing. {{c1::It is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome. }}
Published	09/21/2024	List applications of genome sequencing.{{c1::Personalized medicine Finding genes responsible for the synthesis of a desired molecule Finding beneficia…
Published	09/21/2024	Define species, population and community. {{c1::Species: A group of individuals that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile, viable offspr…
Published	09/21/2024	What is the definition of vascularization?{{c1::The presence of capillaries and supply of blood.}}
Published	09/21/2024	How would you differenciate the phloem and the xylem in the microscope?
Published	09/21/2024	What is the equation for percentage change?{{c1::Difference in the Value / Initial Value}}
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