Notes in Respiratory structure and function

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Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Embryonic}} stage ({{c1::weeks 4-7::time frame}}) forms the {{c2::trachea}} from the lung bud by formation of the {{c2::tracheoesophageal}} sept…
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c2::tracheoesophageal septum}} is formed during the {{c1::embryonic stage::stage}} ({{c1::weeks 4-7::time frame}}) and separates the {{c3::lung …
Published	09/29/2023	Errors at the {{c1::embryonic stage::stage}} ({{c1::weeks 4-7::time frame}}) can lead to {{c2::tracheoesophageal fistula}}.
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::cartilaginous, muscular, and connective}} tissue components of the trachea and lungs are derived from the {{c2::mesoderm}}.
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::epithelium of the internal lining}} of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs is derived from the {{c2::endoderm}}.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Pseudoglandular}} stage ({{c1::weeks 5-17::time frame}}) forms the {{c2::terminal bronchioles}}.
Published	09/29/2023	Errors in the pseudoglandular stage result in {{c1::death after birth}}.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Canalicular}} stage ({{c1::weeks 16-25::time frame}}) forms the {{c2::respiratory bronchioles}}, then the {{c2::alveolar ducts}}.{{c1::Cana…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c2::Surfactant}} is detectable in amneotic fluid during {{c1::saccular}} stage ({{c1::weeks 26-birth}})
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Saccular}} stage ({{c1::weeks 26-birth::time frame}}) forms the {{c2::terminal sacs}}.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Alveolar}} stage ({{c1::weeks 36 - 8 years::time frame}}) forms the {{c2::adult alveoli}} due to {{c3::secondary septation}}.
Published	09/29/2023	Respiration in utero has {{c1::higher}} pulmonary vascular resistance than respiration after birth.
Published	09/29/2023	The most common congenital pulmonary defect is {{c1::Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM)}} aka {{c1::Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Pulmonary hypoplasia}} is a congenital defect that results in underdevelopment of the lungs.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)}} is a congenital defect in the diaphragm in which abdominal organs migrate into the chest, compressing an…
Published	09/29/2023	The dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group are found in the {{c1::medulla oblongata}}.
Published	09/29/2023	The ventral respiratory group of the medulla oblongata stimulates {{c1::forced expiratory::inspiratory/expiratory}} movements.
Published	09/29/2023	The dorsal respiratory group of the medulla oblongata stimulates the diaphragm through the {{c1::phrenic}} nerve and the {{c1::external inte…
Published	09/29/2023	The pontine respiratory group (pons) regulates {{c2::the medullary respiratory groups}} during {{c1::forced inspiration and expiration::what…
Published	09/29/2023	During inspiration, the diaphragm is innervated by the {{c1::phrenic}} nerve from the {{c1::C3-C5 cervical::not DRG, spinal cord}} segments. Contracti…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Scalene}} muscle is an accessory muscle that {{c2::elevates the upper ribs}} during inspiration.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Sternoclediomastoid}} muscle is an accessory muscle that {{c2::elevates the sternum during inspiration}}.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Internal intercostal}} muscles {{c2::pull ribs down}} during {{c2::active}} expiration.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Abdominal}} muscles pull ribs down and {{c2::compress abdominal contents to push diaphragm up}} during {{c2::active}} expiration.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Pneumothorax}} is an accumulation of {{c2::air}} in the {{c2::pleural space}}.{{c1::Pleural effusion}} is an accumulation of {{c2::fluid}} in th…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Anatomical dead space}} refers to the air in the conducting zone.
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::trachea}} is the uppermost part of the {{c2::conducting}} zone.The {{c1::trachea}} is characterized by {{c2::pseudostratified ciliated colum…
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::bronchi}} is part of the {{c2::conducting}} zone.The {{c1::bronchi}} is characterized by {{c2::pseudostratified ciliated columnar}} epitheli…
Published	09/29/2023	The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia of the {{c1::trachea and bronchi}} contain {{c2::goblet}} cells, {{c2::basal}} cells, and ciliated co…
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::bronchioles}} are part of the {{c2::conducting}} zone.The {{c1::bronchioles}} are characterized by {{c2::simple ciliated columnar}} epitheli…
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::terminal bronchioles}} are the lowermost part of the {{c2::conducting}} zone.The {{c1::terminal bronchioles}} are characterized by {{c2::sim…
Published	09/29/2023	The cartilage in the lining of {{c1::trachea and bronchi::structures}} provide {{c1::stability::function}} to the airways and keep them open.
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::respiratory bronchioles}} are the uppermost part of the {{c2::respiratory}} zone.The {{c1::respiratory bronchioles}} are characterized by {{…
Published	09/29/2023	Functional unit of the lung is called a {{c1::pulmonary acinus}}, and refers to a segment lineage of {{c2::respiratory bronchioles}}, {{c2::alveolar d…
Published	09/29/2023	Airway resistance is highest in the {{c1::medium sized bronchi}}.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Conducting airways}} have higher airway resistance.{{c1::Respiratory (alveolar) airways}} have higher sum cross-sectional area.
Published	09/29/2023	Resistance is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to radius{{c1::4::to what degree}}
Published	09/29/2023	Tiotropium is an {{c1::anticholinergic}} medication for asthma that blocks {{c1::parasympathetic::sympathetic/parasympathetic}} stimulation of lung sm…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Pulmonary arteries}} accompany airways to lung periphery, forming capillary network around {{c2::alveoli}}, brings deoxygenated blood from {{c2:…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c3::Bronchial arteries}} are systemic in origin and arise from {{c1::intercostal arteries}} and {{c1::aorta}}.They supply {{c2::conducting zone and …
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Bronchial veins}} parallel corresponding arteries and return deoxygenated blood to {{c2::systemic circulation}} via {{c2::azygos}} and {{c2::int…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Pulmonary veins}} return oxygenated blood to heart.
Published	09/29/2023	Blood flows from the bronchial arteries to the {{c1::bronchial veins}}, and the deoxygenated blood flows into {{c1::pulmonary veins}}.
Published	09/29/2023	Pulmonary artery is {{c1::highly}} compliant and {{c1::low}} pressure.
Published	09/29/2023	Pulmonary hypertension occurs when pressure in the lungs is {{c1::high}}.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Superficial}} lymphatic drainage presents along pleural surface.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Deep (intrapulmonary)}} lymphatic drainage present adjacent to {{c2::bronchovascular bundle}} and along {{c2::interlobular septa}}.
Published	09/29/2023	Deep lymphatics first drain into the {{c1::bronchopulmonary lymph nodes}}, then to the {{c2::tracheobronchial nodes}}, then to the {{c3::broncho-media…
Published	09/29/2023	Sometimes, the deep lympathic left duct drains into the {{c1::thoracic duct}}, ultimately draining to the {{c1::cisterna chyli}}.
Published	09/29/2023	Type {{c1::II::I or II}} alveolar epithelial cells are {{c2::cuboidal::cell type}}, and are responsible for {{c3::producing pulmonary surfactant and r…
Published	09/29/2023	Type {{c1::I::I or II}} alveolar epithelial cells are {{c2::squamous::cell type}}, and are responsible for {{c3::gas exchange::function}}.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c2::Alveolar macrophages}}, also called {{c1::Pac-Man cells}} or {{c1::heart failure cells}}, remove dust and debris and bring them up to the mucoci…
Published	09/29/2023	Interstitium between alveolus and capillary is made of {{c1::fused basal lamina of capillary endothelium and alveolar epithelium}}.
Published	09/29/2023	The tendency of the lung is to {{c1::collapse inwards}}, which contributes to {{c1::increases::decreases/increases}} in pressure inside the lungs.
Published	09/29/2023	The tendency of the chest wall is to {{c1::recoil outwards}}, which contributes to {{c1::decreases::decreases/increases}} in pressure inside the lungs…
Published	09/29/2023	Opposing pulls of the chest wall and lung create a {{c1::negative::negative/positive}} pressure of {{c1::-5 cm H2O}} in the pleural space.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Transmural or trans-pulmonary pressure (PTM)}} is the overall pressure on the {{c2::alveoli}} and is difference between {{c2::alveolar pres…
Published	09/29/2023	Contraction of the diaphragm {{c1::decreases::decreases/increases}} intrapleural pressure (PIP) and {{c1::decreases::decreases/increases}} alveolar pr…
Published	09/29/2023	Relaxation of the diaphragm {{c1::increases::decreases/increases}} intrapleural pressure (PIP) and {{c1::increases::decreases/increases}} alveolar pre…
Published	09/29/2023	At end of inspiration, alveolar pressure is {{c1::zero}} and there is {{c1::no flow::influx/outflow}} of air.
Published	09/29/2023	In emphysema, the {{c1::elastic fibers}} of the lungs are destroyed, resulting in an {{c1::decreased::decreased/increased}} elastance and {{c1::increa…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Compliance}} reflects ability to change the volume when pressure is applied.{{c1::Elastance}} reflects resistance to change the volume when pres…
Published	09/29/2023	In {{c2::fibrosis}}, compliance is {{c1::less::less/greater}} than elastance, resulting in {{c1::decreased::decreased/increased}} functional residual …
Published	09/29/2023	In {{c2::emphysema (COPD)}}, compliance is {{c1::greater::less/greater}} than elastance, resulting in {{c1::increased::decreased/increased}} functiona…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::1st to 16th}} generations of airway branching is the conducting zone.{{c1::17th to 23rd}} generations is the respiratory zone.
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