Notes in ✧ Pulmonary Ventilation

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Published	01/14/2024	Pulmonary blood flow is equal to the {{c1::cardiac output}} of the right heart
Published	01/14/2024	When a person is standing, pulmonary blood flow is highest at the {{c1::base (bottom)}} of the lungs
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c1::diaphragm}} is the most important muscle for inspiration
Published	01/14/2024	When the diaphragm contracts, the abdominal contents are pushed {{c1::downwards}}
Published	01/14/2024	During exercise or respiratory distress, the {{c1::external intercostal}} muscles and {{c2::accessory}} muscles may be used for vigorous {{c3::inspira…
Published	01/14/2024	What muscles are normally used for expiration at rest? {{c1::none :) (normally passive)}}
Published	01/14/2024	During exercise or in diseases with increased airway resistance (e.g. asthma), {{c1::abdominal}} muscles and {{c2::internal intercostal}} muscles may …
Published	01/14/2024	Lung {{c1::compliance}} describes the change in lung volume for a given change in lung pressure
Published	01/14/2024	Lung compliance may be calculated by the equation C = {{c1::ΔV/ΔP}}
Published	01/14/2024	The compliance of the lungs and chest wall is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to their elastance
Published	01/14/2024	The compliance of the lungs and chest wall is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to the wall stiffness
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Elastic recoil}} is the force generated due to the tendency for the lungs to collapse inward and the chest wall to spring outward
Published	01/14/2024	Elastic recoil is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to compliance and {{c1::directly}} proportional to elastance
Published	01/14/2024	A lung with {{c1::high}} compliance is easier to fill
Published	01/14/2024	A lung with {{c1::low}} compliance is harder to fill
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c1::slope}} of a respiratory system pressure-volume curve represents lung {{c2::compliance}}
Published	01/14/2024	The slope (compliance) of the pressure-volume loop curves for inspiration and expiration are different due to a phenomenon known as {{c1::hysteresis}}…
Published	01/14/2024	Hysteresis occurs due to the need to overcome {{c1::surface tension}} forces during lung {{c2::inflation (inspiration)}}
Published	01/14/2024	Are the lungs generally more compliant during inspiration or expiration?{{c1::Expiration (due to hysteresis)}}
Published	01/14/2024	The intermolecular forces between liquid molecules lining the lung are much {{c1::stronger}} than the forces between liquid and air
Published	01/14/2024	During initial inspiration, liquid molecules are {{c1::close}} together and intermolecular forces are {{c1::high}}
Published	01/14/2024	During expiration, the slope of the pressure-volume loop {{c1::increases}} as the density of surfactant molecules rapidly {{c1::increases}}
Published	01/14/2024	At FRC, the intrapleural space normally has a(n) {{c1::negative}} pressure relative to the atmosphere
Published	01/14/2024	At {{c3::functional residual capacity}}, the {{c1::inward}} pull of the {{c2::lung}} is balanced by the {{c1::outward}} pull of the {{c2::chest}}
Published	01/14/2024	If a sharp object punctures the intrapleural space ({{c2::pneumothorax}}), the intrapleural pressure becomes {{c1::equal to atmospheric pressure}}
Published	01/14/2024	The compliance of the lung-chest wall system is {{c1::less}} than that of the lungs or chest wall alone
Published	01/14/2024	At FRC, airway and alveolar pressures are equal to {{c1::0 (atmospheric pressure)}}
Published	01/14/2024	When lung volume is {{c2::less}} than FRC, there is a net {{c1::expanding}} force on the lung-chest wall system
Published	01/14/2024	When lung volume is {{c2::greater}} than FRC, there is a net {{c1::collapsing}} force on the lung-chest wall system
Published	01/14/2024	At highest lung volumes, both the lungs and the chest wall contribute to {{c1::collapsing}} forces on the lung-chest wall system
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of emphysema on lung compliance?{{c1::Increased compliance}}
Published	01/14/2024	At the original FRC, the tendency of the lung to collapse in a patient with emphysema is {{c1::less}} than the tendency of the chest wall to expand
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of emphysema on functional residual capacity (FRC)?{{c1::Increased FRC}}
Published	01/14/2024	A patient with {{c2::emphysema}} breathes at a higher lung volume and will thus have a(n) {{c1::barrel}}-shaped chest (increased anterior-posteri…
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of normal aging on lung compliance?{{c1::Increased compliance}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of pulmonary fibrosis on lung compliance?{{c1::Decreased compliance}}
Published	01/14/2024	At the original FRC, the tendency of the lung to collapse in a patient with pulmonary fibrosis is {{c1::greater}} than the tendency of the chest wall …
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of pulmonary fibrosis on functional residual capacity (FRC)?{{c1::Decreased FRC}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of pulmonary edema on lung compliance?{{c1::Decreased compliance}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of pneumonia on lung compliance?{{c1::Decreased compliance}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of surfactant on lung compliance?{{c1::Increased compliance}}
Published	01/14/2024	The law of Laplace states that the collapsing pressure of an alveoli, P, is equal to {{c1::2T / r}}
Published	01/14/2024	According to the law of Laplace, a large alveolus will have a(n) {{c1::low}} collapsing pressure
Published	01/14/2024	According to the law of Laplace, a small alveolus will have a(n) {{c1::high}} collapsing pressure
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Surfactant}} is a mixture of phospholipids that line the alveoli and reduce their surface tension
Published	01/14/2024	Surfactant reduces surface tension by disrupting the intermolecular forces between {{c1::liquid}} molecules
Published	01/14/2024	Without surfactant, small alveoli are more likely to collapse, which is termed {{c1::atelectasis}}
Published	01/14/2024	Pulmonary surfactant is a mix of lecithins, the most important of which is {{c1::dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)}}
Published	01/14/2024	In the developing fetus, surfactant synthesis begins as early as gestastional week {{c1::20}}
Published	01/14/2024	In the developing fetus, mature levels of surfactant are not achieved until around week {{c1::35}}
Published	01/14/2024	Alveoli have {{c1::increased}} tendency to collapse on {{c2::expiration::inspiration/expiration}}
Published	01/14/2024	What equation may be used to calculate the airflow (Q) given the pressure and resistance of the airway? {{c1::Q = ΔP/R}}
Published	01/14/2024	Airflow is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to airway resistance
Published	01/14/2024	Airflow is {{c1::directly}} proportional to the pressure gradient
Published	01/14/2024	The resistance of an airway may be calculated using Poiseuille's equation, which states R = {{c1::8ηl/πr4}}
Published	01/14/2024	Airway resistance is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to the {{c3::fourth}} power of the {{c2::radius}} of the airway
Published	01/14/2024	The major site of airway resistance is the {{c1::medium-sized bronchi}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on airway resistance? {{c1::Increased resistance}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on airway resistance? {{c1::Decreased resistance}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of high lung volumes on airway resistance? {{c1::Decreased resistance}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of low lung volumes on airway resistance? {{c1::Increased resistance}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of increased viscosity (e.g. deep-sea diving) on airway resistance? {{c1::Increased resistance}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of decreased viscosity (e.g. helium inhalation) on airway resistance? {{c1::Decreased resistance}}
Published	01/14/2024	What equation may be used to calculate the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)? PVR = {{c1::(Ppulm artery - PL atrium) / cardiac output}}
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c1::transpulmonary}} pressure across the lungs is calculated as {{c2::alveolar}} pressure minus {{c2::intrapleural}} pressure
Published	01/14/2024	How does the volume of breath change during inspiration? {{c1::Increased}}
Published	01/14/2024	How does the intrapleural pressure change during inspiration (relative to atmosphere)? {{c1::More negative relative to atmosphere}}
Published	01/14/2024	How does the alveolar pressure change during mid-inspiration (relative to atmosphere)? {{c1::More negative relative to atmosphere}}
Published	01/14/2024	As the alveolar pressure becomes negative relative to the atmosphere (mid-inspiration), air flows {{c1::inwards}}
Published	01/14/2024	How does the volume of breath change during expiration? {{c1::Decreased}}
Published	01/14/2024	How does the intrapleural pressure change during expiration (relative to atmosphere)? {{c1::Less negative relative to atmosphere}}
Published	01/14/2024	How does the alveolar pressure change during mid-expiration (relative to atmosphere)? {{c1::More positive relative to atmosphere}}
Published	01/14/2024	As the alveolar pressure becomes positive relative to the atmosphere (mid-expiration), air flows {{c1::outwards}}
Published	01/14/2024	In what normal scenario may intrapleural pressure be positive (relative to the atmosphere)? {{c1::Forced expiration::specific}}
Published	01/14/2024	The pulmonary circulation is normally characterized as a(n) {{c1::low::high/low}} resistance, {{c1::high::high/low}} compliance system
Published	01/14/2024	A decrease in PAO2 causes a hypoxic {{c1::vasoconstriction}} that shunts blood away from poorly ventilated regions of the lung
Published	01/14/2024	Fetal pulmonary vascular resistance is very {{c1::high}} because of generalized hypoxic vaso-{{c1::constriction}}
Published	01/14/2024	Decreased Po2 (hypoxia) causes vaso-{{c1::constriction}} in the pulmonary circulation
Published	01/14/2024	Increased Pco2 (hypercapnia) causes vaso-{{c1::constriction}} in the pulmonary circulation
Published	01/14/2024	Decreased Po2 (hypoxia) causes vaso-{{c1::dilation}} in the systemic circulation
Published	01/14/2024	Increased Pco2 (hypercapnia) causes vaso-{{c1::dilation}} in the systemic circulation
Published	01/14/2024	In zone {{c2::1 (apex)}} of the lung, blood flow (Q) is {{c1::lowest}}
Published	01/14/2024	In zone {{c2::3 (base)}} of the lung, blood flow (Q) is {{c1::highest}}
Published	01/14/2024	Rank the following variables for zone 1 of the lung: PA, Pa, and Pv {{c1::PA > Pa > Pv}}
Published	01/14/2024	Rank the following variables for zone 2 of the lung: PA, Pa, and Pv {{c1::Pa > PA > Pv}}
Published	01/14/2024	Rank the following variables for zone 3 of the lung: PA, Pa, and Pv {{c1::Pa > Pv > PA}}
Published	01/14/2024	In zone {{c1::1}} of the lung, high alveolar pressure may compress the capillaries and reduce blood flow in this zone
Published	01/14/2024	In zone 2 of the lung, blood flow is driven by the difference between {{c1::arteriolar}} and {{c1::alveolar}} pressure
Published	01/14/2024	In zone 3 of the lung, blood flow is driven by the difference between {{c1::arteriolar}} and {{c1::venous}} pressure
Published	01/14/2024	In {{c1::right}}-to-{{c1::left}} shunts, {{c2::hypoxemia}} always occurs because a significant fraction of the cardiac output is not delivered to the …
Published	01/14/2024	A defining characteristic of hypoxemia caused by a right-to-left shunt is that it {{c1::cannot}} be corrected with high O2 gas
Published	01/14/2024	Do left-to-right shunts result in hypoxemia? {{c1::No}}
Published	01/14/2024	A consequence of pulmonary hypertension is right ventricular hypertrophy with eventual {{c1::cor pulmonale}}
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c1::ventilation/perfusion (V/Q)}} ratio is the ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow
Published	01/14/2024	The normal average value for V/Q is {{c1::0.8}}
Published	01/14/2024	In zone {{c2::1 (apex)}} of the lung, alveolar ventilation (V) is {{c1::lowest}}
Published	01/14/2024	In zone {{c2::3 (base)}} of the lung, alveolar ventilation (V) is {{c1::highest}}
Published	01/14/2024	Both ventilation and perfusion are {{c1::greater}} at the base of the lung than at the apex of the lung
Published	01/14/2024	The V/Q ratio is {{c1::highest}} in zone {{c2::1 (apex)}} of the lung
Published	01/14/2024	The V/Q ratio is {{c1::lowest}} in zone {{c2::3 (base)}} of the lung
Published	01/14/2024	The V/Q ratio at the apex of the lung is normally {{c1::3}}, indicating wasted {{c2::ventilation}}
Published	01/14/2024	The V/Q ratio at the base of the lung is normally {{c1::0.6}}, indicating wasted {{c2::perfusion}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the ideal V/Q ratio for adequate gas exchange? {{c1::1 (ventilation matches perfusion)}}
Published	01/14/2024	If there is a(n) {{c1::blood flow}} obstruction, the V/Q ratio = {{c2::∞ (dead space)*}}
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Dead space}} is ventilation of lung regions that are not perfused (V/Q = ∞)
Published	01/14/2024	If there is a(n) {{c1::airway}} obstruction, the V/Q ratio = {{c2::0 (shunt)}}
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Shunt}} is perfusion of lung regions that are not ventilated (V/Q = 0)
Published	01/14/2024	What type of V/Q mismatch occurs due to pulmonary embolus?{{c1::Dead space*}}
Published	01/14/2024	What type of V/Q mismatch occurs due to airway obstruction? {{c1::Shunt (perfusion but no ventilation)}}
Published	01/14/2024	Does 100% O2 improve PaO2 in V/Q mismatch due to physiologic dead space? {{c1::Yes, assuming < 100% dead space}}
Published	01/14/2024	Does 100% O2 improve PaO2 in V/Q mismatch due to shunt? {{c1::No}}
Published	01/14/2024	Certain organisms that thrive in high O2 (e.g. TB) flourish in the {{c1::apex}} of the lung
Published	01/14/2024	With exercise (increased cardiac output), there is vasodilation of {{c2::apical}} capillaries in the lung, which causes the V/Q ratio to approach a va…
Published	01/14/2024	Which zone of the lung has the highest Pao2? {{c1::Zone 1}}
Published	01/14/2024	Decreasing VA/Q may be due to a(n) {{c1::R to L}} shunt
Published	01/14/2024	Increased VA/Q results in {{c1::alveolar dead space}}
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